{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:32:19Z","timestamp":1790937139513,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]],"date-time":"2011-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1313366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anthrax is a highly lethal infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It not only causes natural infection in humans but also poses a great threat as an emerging bioterror agent. The lethality of anthrax is primarily attributed to the two major virulence factors: toxins and capsule. An extensive effort has been made to generate therapeutically useful monoclonal antibodies to each of the virulence components: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF), and the capsule of B. anthracis. This review summarizes the current status of anti-anthrax mAb development and argues for the potential therapeutic advantage of a cocktail of mAbs that recognize different epitopes or different virulence factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins3081004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]],"date-time":"2011-08-15T10:36:49Z","timestamp":1313404609000},"page":"1004-1019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Monoclonal Antibody Therapies against Anthrax"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Zhaochun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahtab","family":"Moayeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Purcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0810.020353","article-title":"Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, United States, 2001: epidemiologic findings","volume":"8","author":"Jernigan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. 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