{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:02:55Z","timestamp":1791352975015,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,6]],"date-time":"2012-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacillus anthracis, the agent of anthrax, has gained virulence through its exotoxins produced by vegetative bacilli and is composed of three components forming lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET). So far, little is known about the effects of these toxins on the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Here, we provide an overview on the general effects of toxin upon the cytoskeleton architecture. Thus, we shall discuss how anthrax toxins interact with their receptors and may disrupt the interface between extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. We then analyze what toxin molecular effects on cytoskeleton have been described, before discussing how the cytoskeleton may help the pathogen to corrupt general cell processes such as phagocytosis or vascular integrity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins4020083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,6]],"date-time":"2012-02-06T11:20:07Z","timestamp":1328527207000},"page":"83-97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cytoskeleton as an Emerging Target of Anthrax Toxins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Yannick","family":"Trescos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Interactions H\u00f4te-Agents pathog\u00e8nes, Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, Centre de Recherche du Service de Sant\u00e9 des Arm\u00e9es, BP 87, 24 avenue des Maquis du Gr\u00e9sivaudan 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France"},{"name":"Ecole du Val-de-Gr\u00e2ce, 1 place Alphonse Lav\u00e9ran, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Nicolas","family":"Tournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Interactions H\u00f4te-Agents pathog\u00e8nes, Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, Centre de Recherche du Service de Sant\u00e9 des Arm\u00e9es, BP 87, 24 avenue des Maquis du Gr\u00e9sivaudan 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France"},{"name":"Ecole du Val-de-Gr\u00e2ce, 1 place Alphonse Lav\u00e9ran, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.647","article-title":"Anthrax.","volume":"55","author":"Mock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. 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