{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T12:57:12Z","timestamp":1774443432339,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]],"date-time":"2013-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Secretory phospholipasesA2 (sPLA2s) form a large family of structurally related enzymes widespread in nature. Herein, we studied the inhibitory effects of sPLA2s from Vipera lebetina (VLPLA2), Vipera berus berus (VBBPLA2), and Naja naja oxiana (NNOPLA2) venoms on (i) human platelets, (ii) four different bacterial strains  (gram-negative Escherichia coli and Vibrio fischeri; gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and (iii) five types of cancer cells (PC-3, LNCaP, MCF-7, K-562  and B16-F10) in vitro. sPLA2s inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation:  VBBPLA2 IC50 = 0.054, VLPLA2 IC50 = 0.072, NNOPLA2 IC50 = 0.814 \u03bcM.  p-Bromophenacylbromide-inhibited sPLA2 had no inhibitory action on platelets. 36.17 \u03bcM VBBPLA2 completely inhibited the growth of gram-positive Bacillus subtilis whereas no growth inhibition was observed towards gram-negative Escherichia coli. The inhibitory action of sPLA2s (~0.7 \u03bcM and ~7 \u03bcM) towards cancer cells depended on both venom and cell type. VBBPLA2 (7.2 \u03bcM) inhibited significantly the viability of K-562 cells and the cell death appeared apoptotic. The sPLA2s exhibited no inhibitory effect towards LNCaP cells and some effect (8%\u201320%) towards other cells. Thus, already sub-\u03bcM concentrations of sPLA2s inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation and from the current suite of studied svPLA2s and test cells, VBBPLA2 was the most growth inhibitory towards  Bacillus subtilis and K-562 cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5020203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]],"date-time":"2013-01-24T11:29:13Z","timestamp":1359026953000},"page":"203-223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Interactions of PLA2-s from Vipera lebetina, Vipera berus berus and Naja naja oxiana Venom with Platelets, Bacterial and Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mari","family":"Samel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5779-9851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heiki","family":"Vija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imbi","family":"Kurvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"K\u00fcnnis-Beres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Trummal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juhan","family":"Subbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4944-4900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Kahru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcri","family":"Siigur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2010.12.001","article-title":"Recent progress in phospholipase A2 research: From cells to animals to humans","volume":"50","author":"Murakami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Progr. 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