{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T15:39:42Z","timestamp":1776872382089,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]],"date-time":"2013-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snakebites are a health problem in many countries due to the high incidence of such accidents. Antivenom treatment has regularly been used for more than a century, however, this does not neutralize tissue damage and may even increase the severity and morbidity of accidents. Thus, it has been relevant to search for new strategies to improve antiserum therapy, and a variety of molecules from natural sources with antiophidian properties have been reported. In this paper, we analyzed the ability of ten extracts from marine sponges (Amphimedon viridis, Aplysina fulva, Chondrosia collectrix, Desmapsamma anchorata, Dysidea etheria, Hymeniacidon heliophila, Mycale angulosa, Petromica citrina, Polymastia janeirensis, and Tedania ignis) to inhibit the effects caused by Bothrops jararaca and Lachesis muta venom. All sponge extracts inhibited proteolysis and hemolysis induced by both snake venoms, except H. heliophila, which failed to inhibit any biological activity. P. citrina inhibited lethality, hemorrhage, plasma clotting, and hemolysis induced by B. jararaca or L. muta. Moreover, other sponges inhibited hemorrhage induced only by B. jararaca. We conclude that Brazilian sponges may be a  useful aid in the treatment of snakebites caused by L. muta and B. jararaca and therefore have potential for the discovery of molecules with antiophidian properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5101799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]],"date-time":"2013-10-17T13:39:40Z","timestamp":1382017180000},"page":"1799-1813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Appraisal of Antiophidic Potential of Marine Sponges against Bothrops jararaca and Lachesis muta Venom"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Camila","family":"Faioli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thaisa","family":"Domingos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University,  Niteroi 24020-141, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"De Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"El\u00e1dio","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzi","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Invertebrates, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, National Museum 20940-040, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Muricy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Invertebrates, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, National Museum 20940-040, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Fuly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 24020-141, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"515","article-title":"Snake-bites: Appraisal of the global situation","volume":"76","author":"Chippaux","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e218","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050218","article-title":"The global burden of snakebite: A literature analysis and modelling based on regional estimates of envenoming and deaths","volume":"5","author":"Kasturiratne","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e727","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000727","article-title":"Mechanisms of vascular damage by hemorrhagic snake venom metalloproteinases: Tissue distribution and in situ hydrolysis","volume":"4","author":"Baldo","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(00)01178-0","article-title":"Snake venom proteins acting on hemostasis","volume":"82","author":"Braud","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2010.07.003","article-title":"Human complement activation and anaphylatoxins generation induced by snake venom toxins from Bothrops genus","volume":"47","author":"Filgueiras","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.11.006","article-title":"Differential efficiency of simvastatin and lipoic acid treatments on Bothrops jararaca envenomation-induced acute kidney injury in mice","volume":"57","author":"Barone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00268-2","article-title":"Characterization of the local tissue damage induced by LHF-II, a metalloproteinase with weak hemorrhagic activity isolated from Lachesis muta muta snake venom","volume":"37","author":"Rucavado","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762005000900031","article-title":"Inflammatory effects of snake venom metalloproteinases","volume":"100","author":"Fernandes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"MS (Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade)\/FUNASA (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional da Sa\u00fade) (2001). Manual de Diagn\u00f3stico e Tratamento de Acidentes por Animais Pe\u00e7onhentos."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Cardoso, J.L.C., Fran\u00e7a, F.O.S., Fan, H.W., Malaque, C.M.S., and Haddad, V. (2003). Animais Pe\u00e7onhentos no Brasil. Biologia, Cl\u00ednica e Terap\u00eautica dos Acidentes, Sarvier\/Fapesp."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2011.02.005","article-title":"Antivenoms for the treatment of snakebite envenomings: The road ahead","volume":"39","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.593","article-title":"Use of enzyme immunoassays to compare the effect and assess the dosage regimens of three Brazilian Bothrops antivenoms. The Butantan Institute Antivenom Study Group (BIASG)","volume":"47","author":"Theakston","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.09.013","article-title":"Clinical effects and treatment of envenoming by Hoplocephalus spp. snakes in Australia: Australian Snakebite Project (ASP-12)","volume":"58","author":"Isbister","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000435","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000435","article-title":"Low-dose adrenaline, promethazine, and hydrocortisone in the prevention of acute adverse reactions to antivenom following snakebite: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Pathmeswaran","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2003.11.005","article-title":"Bioactive peptides from marine sources: Pharmacological properties and isolation procedures","volume":"803","author":"Aneiros","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1039\/C2NP20112G","article-title":"Marine natural products","volume":"30","author":"Blunt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/md202073","article-title":"Drugs and Cosmetics from the Sea","volume":"2","author":"Kijjoa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-004-0405-5","article-title":"Marine sponges as pharmacy","volume":"7","author":"Sipkema","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"265","article-title":"Marine pharmacology in 2001\u20132002: Marine compounds with anthelmintic, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antidiabetic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiplatelet, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities; affecting the cardiovascular, immune and nervous systems and other miscellaneous mechanisms of action","volume":"140","author":"Mayer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416003-3.00011-1","article-title":"Secondary metabolites with new medicinal functions from marine organisms","volume":"65","author":"Ohno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1021\/np040031y","article-title":"Marine natural products and related compounds in clinical and advanced preclinical trials","volume":"67","author":"Newman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387787-1.00010-6","article-title":"Sponge systematics facing new challenges","volume":"61","author":"Cardenas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387787-1.00007-6","article-title":"Deep phylogeny and evolution of sponges (phylum Porifera)","volume":"61","author":"Worheide","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.03.009","article-title":"Marine compounds and their antiviral activities","volume":"86","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.54.852","article-title":"Melophlins P, Q, R, and S: Four new tetramic acid derivatives, from two Palauan marine sponges of the genus Melophlus","volume":"54","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1039\/C0OB00326C","article-title":"Anti-malarial, anti-algal, anti-tubercular, anti-bacterial, anti-photosynthetic, and anti-fouling activity of diterpene and diterpene isonitriles from the tropical marine sponge Cymbastela Hooperi","volume":"9","author":"Wright","year":"2011","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.3390\/md9081346","article-title":"Evaluation of marine brown algae and sponges from Brazil as anticoagulant and antiplatelet products","volume":"9","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55203","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055203","article-title":"The brominated compound aeroplysinin-1 inhibits proliferation and the expression of key pro-inflammatory molecules in human endothelial and monocyte cells","volume":"8","author":"Cardenas","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.3390\/md11041087","article-title":"6'-Debromohamacanthin A, a bis (indole) alkaloid, inhibits angiogenesis by targeting the VEGFR2-mediated PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathways","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01162a543","article-title":"The isolation of a new thymine pentoside from sponges","volume":"72","author":"Bergmann","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.3390\/md8102619","article-title":"Antiviral lead compounds from marine sponges","volume":"8","author":"Sagar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01146a023","article-title":"Contribution to the study of marine products. XXXII. The nucleosides of sponges","volume":"16","author":"Bergmann","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"459","article-title":"Partial purification and some physicochemical properties of phospholipases A2 from the venom of the bushmaster snake (Lachesis muta)","volume":"26","author":"Fuly","year":"1993","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-6580.97194","article-title":"Do herbal medicines have potential for managing snake bite envenomation?","volume":"19","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.11.026","article-title":"Antivenom use, premedication and early adverse reactions in the management of snake bites in rural Papua New Guinea","volume":"49","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-010-0545-6","article-title":"Anticoagulation and antiplatelet effects of a dolastane diterpene isolated from the marine brown alga Canistrocarpus cervicornis","volume":"31","author":"Bianco","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(92)90429-9","article-title":"Plants with a reputation against snakebite","volume":"30","author":"Martz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(93)90047-9","article-title":"Flowering plants used against snakebite","volume":"39","author":"Houghton","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1021\/np060132r","article-title":"Hyrtiazepine, an azepino-indole-type alkaloid from the Red Sea marine sponge Hyrtios erectus","volume":"69","author":"Sauleau","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)39598-4","article-title":"Cobra venom phospholipase A2 inhibition by manoalide. A novel type of phospholipase inhibitor","volume":"260","author":"Lombardo","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01951998","article-title":"In vitro inactivation of the neurotoxic action of beta-bungarotoxin by the marine natural product, manoalide","volume":"40","author":"Blankemeier","year":"1984","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20080078","article-title":"Catalytically inactive phospholipase A2 homologue binds to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 via a C-terminal loop region","volume":"411","author":"Fujisawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.2174\/092986609788923365","article-title":"Structural and pharmacological features of phospholipases A2 from snake venoms","volume":"16","author":"Castro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Protein Pep. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.2174\/092986611797200940","article-title":"A catalytically inactive Lys49 PLA2 isoform from Bothrops jararacussu venom that stimulates insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells","volume":"18","author":"Fagundes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Protein Pep. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.106.056515","article-title":"Lachesis muta (Viperidae) cDNAs reveal diverging pit viper molecules and scaffolds typical of cobra (Elapidae) venoms: Implications for snake toxin repertoire evolution","volume":"173","author":"Ching","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200400931","article-title":"A multifaceted analysis of viperid snake venoms by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: An approach to understanding venom proteomics","volume":"5","author":"Serrano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.3390\/v5051219","article-title":"Antiviral activity of Bacillus sp. isolated from the marine sponge Petromica citrina against bovine viral diarrhea virus, a surrogate model of the hepatitis C virus","volume":"5","author":"Bastos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.3390\/md11061878","article-title":"Subtilomycin: A new lantibiotic from Bacillus subtilis strain MMA7 isolated from the marine sponge Haliclona simulans","volume":"11","author":"Phelan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.3390\/md8041417","article-title":"Marine drugs from sponge-microbe association\u2014A review","volume":"8","author":"Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks229","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity analysis of halistanol trisulphate from marine sponge Petromica citrina","volume":"67","author":"Marinho","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9861(78)80015-0","article-title":"Purification and characterization of a sulfhydryl-dependent protease from Rhodnius prolixus midgut","volume":"188","author":"Garcia","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.13.43","article-title":"Studies on the quantitative method for determination of hemorrhagic activity of Habu snake venom","volume":"13","author":"Kondo","year":"1960","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(02)00873-0","article-title":"Purification and characterization of a phospholipase A2 isoenzyme isolated from Lachesis muta snake venom","volume":"63","author":"Fuly","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Yamakawa, M., Nozani, M., and Hokama, Z. (1976). Toxins: Animal, Plant and Microbial, Plenum Press."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/5\/10\/1799\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:49:56Z","timestamp":1760219396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/5\/10\/1799"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins5101799"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins5101799","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]]}}}