{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:09:12Z","timestamp":1791266952671,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,18]],"date-time":"2013-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulism is a serious foodborne neuroparalytic disease, caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Seven toxin serotypes (A\u2013H) have been described. The majority of human cases of botulism are caused by serotypes A and B followed by E and F. We report here a group of serotype B specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) capable of binding toxin under physiological conditions. Thus, they serve as capture antibodies for a sandwich (capture) ELISA. The antibodies were generated using recombinant peptide fragments corresponding to the receptor-binding domain of the toxin heavy chain as immunogen. Their binding properties suggest that they bind a complex epitope with dissociation constants (KD\u2019s) for individual antibodies ranging from 10 to 48 \u00d7 10\u221211 M. Assay performance for all possible combinations of capture-detector antibody pairs was evaluated and the antibody pair resulting in the lowest level of detection (L.O.D.), ~20 pg\/mL was determined. Toxin was detected in spiked dairy samples with good recoveries at concentrations as low as 0.5 pg\/mL and in ground beef samples at levels as low as 2 ng\/g. Thus, the sandwich ELISA described here uses mAb for both the capture and detector antibodies (binding different epitopes on the toxin molecule) and readily detects toxin in those food samples tested.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5112212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,19]],"date-time":"2013-11-19T03:19:41Z","timestamp":1384831181000},"page":"2212-2226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Monoclonal Antibody Based Capture ELISA for Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype B: Toxin Detection in Food"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Larry","family":"Stanker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miles","family":"Scotcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94510, USA"},{"name":"DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Ching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery","family":"McGarvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC 20528, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hnasko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.46.1.86-94.1982","article-title":"Bacterial toxins: A table of lethal amounts","volume":"46","author":"Gill","year":"1982","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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[4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5101845","article-title":"Mouse in vivo neutralization of Escherichia coli shiga toxin 2 with monoclonal antibodies","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2012.03.008","article-title":"Rapid and selective detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotype-A and -B with a single immunochromatographic test strip","volume":"380","author":"Ching","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/5\/11\/2212\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:50:41Z","timestamp":1760219441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/5\/11\/2212"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,18]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins5112212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins5112212","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,18]]}}}