{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:47:12Z","timestamp":1789768032572,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,17]],"date-time":"2014-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1389916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we have examined the neuromuscular activity of  Micrurus laticollaris (Mexican coral snake) venom (MLV) in vertebrate isolated  nerve-muscle preparations. In chick biventer cervicis preparations, the MLV induced an irreversible concentration- and time-dependent (1\u201330 \u00b5g\/mL) neuromuscular blockade, with 50% blockade occurring between 8 and 30 min. Muscle contractures evoked by exogenous acetylcholine were completely abolished by MLV, whereas those of KCl were  also significantly altered (86% \u00b1 11%, 53% \u00b1 11%, 89% \u00b1 5% and 89% \u00b1 7% for one, three, 10 and 30 \u00b5g of venom\/mL, respectively; n = 4; p &lt; 0.05). In mouse phrenic  nerve-diaphragm preparations, MLV (1\u201310 \u00b5g\/mL) promoted a slight increase in the  amplitude of twitch-tension (3 \u00b5g\/mL), followed by neuromuscular blockade (n = 4);  the highest concentration caused complete inhibition of the twitches  (time for 50% blockade = 26 \u00b1 3 min), without exhibiting a previous neuromuscular facilitation. The venom (3 \u00b5g\/mL) induced a biphasic modulation in the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs)\/min, causing a significant increase after 15 min, followed by a decrease after 60 min (from 17 \u00b1 1.4 (basal) to 28 \u00b1 2.5 (t15) and  12 \u00b1 2 (t60)). The membrane resting potential of mouse diaphragm preparations  pre-exposed or not to d-tubocurarine (5 \u00b5g\/mL) was also significantly less negative with MLV (10 \u00b5g\/mL). Together, these results indicate that M. laticollaris venom induces neuromuscular blockade by a combination of pre- and post-synaptic activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6010359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,17]],"date-time":"2014-01-17T12:48:09Z","timestamp":1389962889000},"page":"359-370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Neuromuscular Activity of Micrurus laticollaris (Squamata: Elapidae) Venom in Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Carbajal-Saucedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 2001,  Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP. 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Floriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences,  State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Tess\u00e1lia Vieira Camargo St., 126, Campinas,  SP 13083-887, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ch\u00e1riston","family":"Belo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinar Center for Biotechnology (CIPBiotec), Campus S\u00e3o Gabriel,  Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Ant\u00f4nio Trilha Av., 1847, S\u00e3o Gabriel,  RS 97300-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Olvera-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 2001,  Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP. 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Alag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 2001,  Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP. 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9a","family":"Rodrigues-Simioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences,  State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Tess\u00e1lia Vieira Camargo St., 126, Campinas,  SP 13083-887, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"New World coral snakes (Elapidae): A taxonomic and biological summary","volume":"46","author":"Roze","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mem. 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