{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:16:05Z","timestamp":1777500965618,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,14]],"date-time":"2014-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We report the first description studies, partial characterization, and intraspecific difference of Centruroides edwardsii, Gervais 1843, venom. C. edwardsii from two Colombian regions (Antioquia and Tolima) were evaluated. Both venoms showed hemolytic activity, possibly dependent of enzymatic active phospholipases, and neither coagulant nor proteolytic activities were observed. Venom electrophoretic profile showed significant differences between C. edwardsii venom from both regions. A high concentration of proteins with molecular masses between 31 kDa and 97.4 kDa, and an important concentration close or below 14.4 kDa were detected. RP-HPLC retention times between 38.2 min and 42.1 min, showed bands close to 14.4 kDa, which may correspond to phospholipases. RP-HPLC venom profile showed a well conserved region in both venoms between 7 and 17 min, after this, significant differences were detected. From Tolima region venom, 50 well-defined peaks were detected, while in the Antioquia region venom, 55 well-defined peaks were detected. Larvicidal activity was only detected in the C. edwardsii venom from Antioquia. No antimicrobial activity was observed using complete venom or RP-HPLC collected fractions of both venoms. Lethally activity (carried out on female albino swiss mice) was detected at doses over 19.2 mg\/kg of  crude venom. Toxic effects included distress, excitability, eye irritation and secretions, hyperventilation, ataxia, paralysis, and salivation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6072082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,14]],"date-time":"2014-07-14T11:33:53Z","timestamp":1405337633000},"page":"2082-2096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Intraspecific Variation of Centruroides Edwardsii Venom from Two Regions of Colombia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Estrada-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Quimica Farmaceutica, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Programa de Ofidismo\/Escorpionismo, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica Farmac\u00e9utica, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Cupitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Barrio Santa Helena Parte Alta, Ibagu\u00e9 731020, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Arango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Barrio Santa Helena Parte Alta, Ibagu\u00e9 731020, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leidy","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Calle 50 A No. 41-20, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.03.029","article-title":"Mass spectrometry analysis, amino acid sequence and biological activity of venom components from the brazilian scorpion opisthacanthus cayaporum","volume":"51","author":"Schwartz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66486","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066486","article-title":"Mass fingerprinting of the venom and transcriptome of venom gland of scorpion centruroides tecomanus","volume":"8","author":"Coronas","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00100-9","article-title":"A short-chain peptide toxin isolated from centruroides sculpturatus scorpion venom inhibits ether-a-go-go-related gene k(+) channels","volume":"40","author":"Nastainczyk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(94)00507-9","article-title":"The disulfide bridges of toxin 2 from the scorpion centruroides noxius hoffmann and its three-dimensional structure calculated using the coordinates of variant 3 from centruroides sculpturatus","volume":"347","author":"Gurrola","year":"1994","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.13.8.953","article-title":"A toxin to nervous, cardiac, and endocrine erg k+ channels isolated from centruroides noxius scorpion venom","volume":"13","author":"Gurrola","year":"1999","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2009). 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