{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T12:38:27Z","timestamp":1781959107938,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]],"date-time":"2014-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cereulide (CER) intoxication occurs at relatively high doses of 8 \u00b5g\/kg body weight. Recent research demonstrated a wide prevalence of low concentrations of CER in rice and pasta dishes. However, the impact of exposure to low doses of CER has not been studied before. In this research, we investigated the effect of low concentrations of CER on the behavior of intestinal cells using the Caco-2 cell line. The MTT (mitochondrial 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and the SRB (sulforhodamine B) reactions were used to measure the mitochondrial activity and cellular protein content, respectively. Both assays showed that differentiated Caco-2 cells were sensitive to low concentrations of CER (in a MTT reaction of 1 ng\/mL after three days of treatment; in an SRB reaction of 0.125 ng\/mL after three days of treatment). Cell counts revealed that cells were released from the differentiated monolayer at 0.5 ng\/mL of CER. Additionally, 0.5 and 2 ng\/mL of CER increased the lactate presence in the cell culture medium. Proteomic data showed that CER at a concentration of 1 ng\/mL led to a significant decrease in energy managing and H2O2 detoxification proteins and to an increase in cell death markers. This is amongst the first reports to describe the influence of sub-emetic concentrations of CER on a differentiated intestinal monolayer model showing that low doses may induce an altered enterocyte metabolism and membrane integrity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6082270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]],"date-time":"2014-08-04T08:06:18Z","timestamp":1407139578000},"page":"2270-2290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Sub-Emetic Toxicity of Bacillus cereus Toxin Cereulide on Cultured Human Enterocyte-Like Caco-2 Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Andreja","family":"Rajkovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Grootaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Butorac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biology and Microbial Genetics, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Cucu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"De Meulenaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6468-6107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Van Camp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Bracke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent B-9000, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mieke","family":"Uyttendaele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vi\u0161nja","family":"Ba\u010dun-Dru\u017eina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biology and Microbial Genetics, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Cindri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for System Biomedicine and Centre for Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, \"Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107\" Institute, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2008.02350.x","article-title":"Heat resistance of bacillus cereus emetic toxin, cereulide","volume":"46","author":"Rajkovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lett. 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