{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:44:37Z","timestamp":1788878677151,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,13]],"date-time":"2014-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease","award":["U19AI062629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI062629"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease","award":["T32AI007633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI007633"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30GM103510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30GM103510"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA) generates short-lived protective antigen (PA) specific IgG that correlates with in vitro toxin neutralization and protection from  Bacillus anthracis challenge. Animal studies suggest that when PA-specific IgG has waned, survival after spore challenge correlates with an activation of PA-specific memory B cells. Here, we characterize the quantity and the longevity of AVA-induced memory B cell responses in humans. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from individuals vaccinated \u22653 times with AVA (n = 50) were collected early (3\u20136 months, n = 27) or late after their last vaccination (2\u20135 years, n = 23), pan-stimulated, and assayed by ELISPOT for total and PA-specific memory B cells differentiated into antibody secreting cells (ASCs). PA-specific ASC percentages ranged from 0.02% to 6.25% (median: 1.57%) and did not differ between early and late post-vaccination individuals. PA-specific ASC percentages correlated with plasma PA-specific IgG (r = 0.42, p = 0.03) and toxin neutralization (r = 0.52, p = 0.003) early post vaccination. PA-specific ASC percentages correlated with supernatant anti-PA both early (r = 0.60, p = 0.001) and late post vaccination (r = 0.71, p &lt; 0.0001). These data suggest PA-specific memory B cell responses are long-lived and can be estimated after recent vaccination by the magnitude and neutralization capacity of the humoral response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6082424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,13]],"date-time":"2014-08-13T12:15:41Z","timestamp":1407932141000},"page":"2424-2431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Protective Antigen-Specific Memory B Cells Persist Years after Anthrax Vaccination and Correlate with Humoral Immunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Lori","family":"Garman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation,  825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation,  825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Farris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation,  825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Vaccine Agency-Vaccine Healthcare Centers Network, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Engler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Vaccine Agency-Vaccine Healthcare Centers Network, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation,  825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center,  1000 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2011.00077","article-title":"Exploiting human memory B cell heterogeneity for improved vaccine efficacy","volume":"2","author":"Pauli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2004.02.008","article-title":"Immunological memory in humans","volume":"16","author":"Crotty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. 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Dis."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/6\/8\/2424\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:14:45Z","timestamp":1760217285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/6\/8\/2424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,13]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins6082424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins6082424","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,13]]}}}