{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T19:35:26Z","timestamp":1775590526922,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1418947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese Twelfth \u201cFive-year\u201d National Science and Technology Support Project","award":["No. 2012BAD12B03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2012BAD12B03"]}]},{"name":"National Education Ministry's Major Project","award":["No. 313054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 313054"]}]},{"name":"Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (SRFDP) State Education Ministry","award":["No. 20120008110042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 20120008110042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are powerful superantigenic toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). They can cause food poisoning and toxic shock. However, their impact on bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) is still unknown. In this study, the distribution of SE genes was evaluated in 116 S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis, and the most prevalent genes were seh (36.2%), followed by sei (12.1%),  seg (11.2%), ser (4.3%), sec (3.4%), sea (2.6%) and sed (1.7%). To better understand the effect of staphylococcal enterotoxin H (SEH) on bMECs, the seh gene was cloned and inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector, pET28a, and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant staphylococcal enterotoxin H (rSEH) was expressed and purified as soluble protein. Bioactivity analysis showed that rSEH possessed the activity of stimulating lymphocytes proliferation. The XTT assay showed that 100 \u03bcg\/mL of rSEH produced the cytotoxic effect on bMECs, and fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analysis revealed that a certain dose of rSEH is effective at inducing bMECs apoptosis in vitro. This indicates that SEs can directly lead to cellular apoptosis of bMECs in bovine mastitis associated with S. aureus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6123552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T10:50:22Z","timestamp":1418986222000},"page":"3552-3567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Staphylococcal Enterotoxin H Induced Apoptosis of  Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells in Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Yongxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University,  Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University,  Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University,  Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rashad","family":"Alkasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University,  Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinhua","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University,  Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University,  Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University,  Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2007.09.004","article-title":"Bovine TLR2 and TLR4 properly transduce signals from Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, but S. aureus fails to both activate NF-\u03baB in mammary epithelial cells and to quickly induce TNF\u03b1 and interleukin-8 (CXCL8) expression in the udder","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.684","article-title":"Epidemiologic study of intramammary infections with Staphylococcus aureus during a control program in nine commercial dairy herds","volume":"223","author":"Zecconi","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAVMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4987","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.4987-4996.2002","article-title":"Virulent combinations of adhesin and toxin genes in natural populations of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"70","author":"Peacock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2002.9695135","article-title":"Factors involved in the early pathogenesis of bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis with emphasis on bacterial adhesion and invasion. A review","volume":"24","author":"Kerro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Quart."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.4.1434-1439.2003","article-title":"Prevalence of genes encoding pyrogenic toxin superantigens and exfoliative toxins among strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from blood and nasal specimens","volume":"41","author":"Becker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1086\/420852","article-title":"Standard nomenclature for the superantigens expressed by Staphylococcus","volume":"189","author":"Lina","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.01.007","article-title":"Distribution of superantigenic toxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk samples of bovine subclinical mastitis cases in two major diary production regions of China","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4999","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00045-08","article-title":"Identification and characterization of two novel staphylococcal enterotoxins, types S and T","volume":"76","author":"Ono","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.02.012","article-title":"Pattern of enterotoxin genes seg, seh, sei and sej positive Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis","volume":"108","author":"Kloppert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00052","article-title":"Staphylococcal superantigens in colonization and disease","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2006.01.001","article-title":"Role of several Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors on the inflammatory response in bovine mammary gland","volume":"40","author":"Zecconi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-9882-5","article-title":"Detection of superantigenic toxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains from subclinical bovine mastitis","volume":"43","author":"Demir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.05.007","article-title":"Prevalence of staphylococcal enterotoxins, toxin genes and genetic-relatedness of foodborne Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in the Marmara Region of Turkey","volume":"148","author":"Aydin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.3.521-540.2005","article-title":"Recognition of Staphylococcus aureus by the innate immune system","volume":"18","author":"Fournier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00377-9","article-title":"Staphylococcal enterotoxins","volume":"61","author":"Balaban","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2082158","article-title":"Different types of cell death induced by enterotoxins","volume":"2","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(01)00386-8","article-title":"Characterization of leukocytotoxic and superantigen-like factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk of cows with mastitis","volume":"82","author":"Schuberth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(01)00478-3","article-title":"Geographical variation in the presence of genes encoding superantigenic exotoxins and \u03b2-hemolysin among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Europe and USA","volume":"85","author":"Larsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4584","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.13.4584-4591.2005","article-title":"Host-and tissue-specific pathogenic traits of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"187","author":"Melles","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.05.011","article-title":"PCR detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from raw and pasteurized milk","volume":"132","author":"Rall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02569.x","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in bulk milk in Norway","volume":"99","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2082117","article-title":"Multiple roles of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins: Pathogenicity, superantigenic activity, and correlation to antibiotic resistance","volume":"2","author":"Ortega","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.5.1675","article-title":"Characterization and biological properties of a new staphylococcal exotoxin","volume":"180","author":"Ren","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.4.1438-1443.1995","article-title":"Identification and purification of a new staphylococcal enterotoxin H","volume":"61","author":"Su","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microb."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.3.857-862.2002","article-title":"Detection of seg, seh, and sei genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates and determination of the enterotoxin productivities of S. aureus isolates harboring seg, seh, or sei genes","volume":"40","author":"Omoe","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-63.4.479","article-title":"The detection of enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"63","author":"McLauchlin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Food Protect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-59.5.559","article-title":"Enterotoxin H in staphylococcal food poisoning","volume":"59","author":"Pereira","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Food Protect."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.09.005","article-title":"An outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning caused by enterotoxin H in mashed potato made with raw milk","volume":"252","author":"Mathisen","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.5.2793-2795.2005","article-title":"Mass outbreak of food poisoning disease caused by small amounts of staphylococcal enterotoxins A and H","volume":"71","author":"Ikeda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microb."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444906052024","article-title":"His-tag impact on structure","volume":"63","author":"Carson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. D"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.108.131789","article-title":"Determination of protein structures-a series of fortunate events","volume":"95","author":"Chruszcz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6807-11-13","article-title":"Structural analysis of heme proteins: Implications for design and prediction","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6807-10-24","article-title":"Systematic analysis of short internal indels and their impact on protein folding","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.07.013","article-title":"Stability and bioactivity of nanocomplex of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand","volume":"363","author":"Na","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5710","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00695-10","article-title":"Identification of compounds with bioactivity against the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans by a screen based on the functional genomics of the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata D2","volume":"76","author":"Ballestriero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microb."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(88)91189-9","article-title":"The Mls locus: New clues to a lingering mystery (news)","volume":"9","author":"Janeway","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90980-X","article-title":"The V\u03b2-specific superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: Stimulation of mature T cells and clonal deletion in neonatal mice","volume":"56","author":"White","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"927643","article-title":"Effects of sodium octanoate on innate immune response of mammary epithelial cells during Staphylococcus aureus internalization","volume":"2013","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-40","article-title":"Differential response of bovine mammary epithelial cells to Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli agonists of the innate immune system","volume":"44","author":"Gilbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s002030050300","article-title":"Staphylococcal alpha-toxin, streptolysin-O, and Escherichia coli hemolysin: Prototypes of pore-forming bacterial cytolysins","volume":"165","author":"Bhakdi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01191.x","article-title":"The MACPF\/CDC family of pore-forming toxins","volume":"10","author":"Rosado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6870","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.10.6870","article-title":"The mechanism of superantigen-mediated toxic shock: Not a simple Th1 cytokine storm","volume":"175","author":"Faulkner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2008.07.002","article-title":"Staphylococcal enterotoxin B causes differential expression of Rnd3 and RhoA in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells while inducing actin stress fiber assembly and apoptosis","volume":"45","author":"Ionin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.08.030","article-title":"Molecular types and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis in a single herd in China","volume":"192","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Ausubel, F.M., Brent, R., Kingston, R.E., Moore, D.D., Seidman, J.M., Smith, J.A., and Struhl, K. (1987). Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-69.5.1072","article-title":"PCR primers for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins K, L, and M and survey of staphylococcal enterotoxin types in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food poisoning cases in Taiwan","volume":"69","author":"Chiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Protect."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.3.426-430.1991","article-title":"Detection of genes for enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins, and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 in Staphylococcus aureus by the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"29","author":"Johnson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.2.631-641.2002","article-title":"Relationships between Staphylococcus aureus genetic background, virulence factors, agr groups (alleles), and human disease","volume":"70","author":"Jarraud","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.10.013","article-title":"Distribution of newly described enterotoxin-like genes in Staphylococcus aureus from food","volume":"108","author":"Bania","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.10.005","article-title":"PCR detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) N, O, P, Q, R, U, and survey of SE types in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food-poisoning cases in Taiwan","volume":"121","author":"Chiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.1.669","article-title":"A highly prevalent operon of enterotoxin gene, forms a putative nursery of superantigens in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"166","author":"Jarraud","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90587-2","article-title":"Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of proteins in the range from 1 to 100 kDa","volume":"166","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pep.2013.07.010","article-title":"Large scale expression and purification of mouse melanopsin-L in the baculovirus expression system","volume":"91","author":"Wasserman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Protein Expr. Purif."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.2001.0990","article-title":"High level expression and purification of the Epstein-Barr virus encoded cytokine viral interleukin 10: Efficient removal of endotoxin","volume":"17","author":"Stuart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(01)00383-2","article-title":"Binding of a surface protein of Staphylococcus aureus to cultured ovine mammary gland epithelial cells","volume":"82","author":"Aguilar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"406","article-title":"Expression and bioactivity analysis of staphylococcal enterotoxin C2","volume":"41","author":"Xue","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2006.02.002","article-title":"Invasive potential of bacterial isolates associated with subclinical bovine mastitis","volume":"81","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013819228190","article-title":"Differentiation of apoptotic and necrotic cells in suspension cultures of Taxus cuspidata by the combined use of fluorescent dying and histochemical staining methods","volume":"24","author":"Yuan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brady, H.J.M. (2004). Apoptosis Methods and Protocols, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1385\/1592598129"}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/6\/12\/3552\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:11:21Z","timestamp":1760217081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/6\/12\/3552"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins6123552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins6123552","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]]}}}