{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:23:31Z","timestamp":1760243011567,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]],"date-time":"2015-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a chronic and immunosuppressive viral disease that is responsible for substantial economic losses for the swine industry. Honeybee venom (HBV) is known to possess several beneficial biological properties, particularly, immunomodulatory effects. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the effects of HBV on the immune response and viral clearance during the early stage of infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in pigs. HBV was administered via three routes of nasal, neck, and rectal and then the pigs were inoculated with PRRSV intranasally. The CD4+\/CD8+ cell ratio and levels of interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 and interleukin (IL)-12 were significantly increased in the HBV-administered healthy pigs via nasal and rectal administration. In experimentally PRRSV-challenged pigs with virus, the viral genome load in the serum, lung, bronchial lymph nodes and tonsil was significantly decreased, as was the severity of interstitial pneumonia, in the nasal and rectal administration group. Furthermore, the levels of Th1 cytokines (IFN-\u03b3 and IL-12) were significantly increased, along with up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2) with HBV administration. Thus, HBV administration\u2014especially via the nasal or rectal route\u2014could be a suitable strategy for immune enhancement and prevention of PRRSV infection in pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7051837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,26]],"date-time":"2015-05-26T04:16:36Z","timestamp":1432613796000},"page":"1837-1853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Venom Reinforces Viral Clearance during the Early Stage of Infection with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus through the Up-Regulation of Th1-Specific Immune Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jin-A","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine,  Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun-Mi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine,  Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pung-Mi","family":"Hyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wissen Co., Ltd., #410 Bio Venture Town, 461-8, Daejeon 305-811, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong-Woon","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wissen Co., Ltd., #410 Bio Venture Town, 461-8, Daejeon 305-811, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Kyu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wissen Co., Ltd., #410 Bio Venture Town, 461-8, Daejeon 305-811, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guk-Hyun","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine,  Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bock-Gie","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler,  11937 US Hwy 271, Tyler, TX 75708-3154, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bong-Joo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine,  Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-011-9339-3","article-title":"Bee venom in cancer therapy","volume":"31","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2005.03.011","article-title":"Bee venom modulates murine Th1\/Th2 lineage development","volume":"5","author":"Nam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. 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