{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T16:36:04Z","timestamp":1777048564199,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":211,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]],"date-time":"2015-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulinum toxin A inhibits neuromuscular transmission. It has become a drug with many indications. The range of clinical applications has grown to encompass several neurological and non-neurological conditions. One of the most recent achievements in the field is the observation that botulinum toxin A provides benefit in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Although toxin blocks cholinergic nerve endings in the autonomic nervous system, it has also been shown that it does not block non-adrenergic  non-cholinergic responses mediated by nitric oxide. This has promoted further interest in using botulinum toxin A as a treatment for overactive smooth muscles and sphincters.  The introduction of this therapy has made the treatment of several clinical conditions easier, in the outpatient setting, at a lower cost and without permanent complications. This review presents current data on the use of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of pathological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7061882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]],"date-time":"2015-05-29T10:37:21Z","timestamp":1432895841000},"page":"1882-1916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Treatment of Gastrointestinal Sphincters Spasms with Botulinum Toxin A"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8820-9471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Brisinda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Hospital \"Agostino Gemelli\", Largo Agostino Gemelli 8,  00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Sivestrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Hospital \"Agostino Gemelli\", Largo Agostino Gemelli 8,  00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Hospital \"Agostino Gemelli\", Largo Agostino Gemelli 8,  00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Maria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Hospital \"Agostino Gemelli\", Largo Agostino Gemelli 8,  00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"924","article-title":"Pharmacologic weakening of extraocular muscles","volume":"12","author":"Scott","year":"1973","journal-title":"Investig. 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