{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:52:06Z","timestamp":1774659126873,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]],"date-time":"2015-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["12-0080-10\/2010."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12-0080-10\/2010."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zearalenone and its metabolites, \u03b1-zearalenol and \u03b2-zearalenol, demonstrate estradiol-like activity and disrupt physiological functions in animals. This article evaluates the carryover of zearalenone and its selected metabolites from the digesta to intestinal walls (along the entire intestines) in pre-pubertal gilts exposed to low doses of zearalenone over long periods of time. The term \u201ccarryover\u201d describes the transfer of mycotoxins from feed to edible tissues, and it was used to assess the risk of mycotoxin exposure for consumers. The experimental gilts with body weight of up to 25 kg were per os administered zearalenone at a daily dose of 40 \u03bcg\/kg BW (Group E, n = 18) or placebo (Group C, n = 21) over a period of 42 days. In the first weeks of exposure, the highest values of the carryover factor were noted in the duodenum and the jejunum. In animals receiving pure zearalenone, the presence of metabolites was not determined in intestinal tissues. In the last three weeks of the experiment, very high values of the carryover factor were observed in the duodenum and the descending colon. The results of the study indicate that in animals exposed to subclinical doses of zearalenone, the carryover factor could be determined by the distribution and expression of estrogen receptor beta.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7083210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]],"date-time":"2015-08-18T10:31:11Z","timestamp":1439893871000},"page":"3210-3223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Zearalenone in the Intestinal Tissues of Immature Gilts Exposed per os to Mycotoxins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Zielonka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Wa\u015bkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Pozna\u0144 60-625, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Beszterda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Pozna\u0144 60-625, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Kostecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Pozna\u0144 60-625, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"D\u0105browski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazimierz","family":"Obremski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Goli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Pozna\u0144 60-625, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Gaj\u0119cki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3109\/15569541003598553","article-title":"An overview of mycotoxin contamination in foods and its implications for human health","volume":"29","author":"Reddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6031080","article-title":"Zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin, is an immunotoxic compound","volume":"6","author":"Hueza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.09.035","article-title":"Modified paramagnetic beads in a microfluidic system for the determination of zearalenone in feedstuffs samples","volume":"125","author":"Panini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2012.x003","article-title":"Special issue: masked mycotoxins","volume":"5","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Mycotoxin J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.07.030","article-title":"Review on the toxicity, occurrence, metabolism, detoxification, regulations and intake of zearalenone: An oestrogenic mycotoxin","volume":"45","author":"Zinedine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem. 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