{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:24:58Z","timestamp":1790029498831,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]],"date-time":"2015-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Venoms of invertebrates contain an enormous diversity of proteins, peptides, and other classes of substances. Insect venoms are characterized by a large interspecific variation resulting in extended lists of venom compounds. The venom composition of several hymenopterans also shows different intraspecific variation. For instance, venom from different honeybee castes, more specifically queens and workers, shows quantitative and qualitative variation, while the environment, like seasonal changes, also proves to be an important factor. The present study aimed at an in-depth analysis of the intraspecific variation in the honeybee venom proteome. In summer workers, the recent list of venom proteins resulted from merging combinatorial peptide ligand library sample pretreatment and targeted tandem mass spectrometry realized with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS\/MS). Now, the same technique was used to determine the venom proteome of queens and winter bees, enabling us to compare it with that of summer bees. In total, 34 putative venom toxins were found, of which two were never described in honeybee venoms before. Venom from winter workers did not contain toxins that were not present in queens or summer workers, while winter worker venom lacked the allergen Api m 12, also known as vitellogenin. Venom from queen bees, on the other hand, was lacking six of the 34 venom toxins compared to worker bees, while it contained two new venom toxins, in particularly serine proteinase stubble and antithrombin-III. Although people are hardly stung by honeybees during winter or by queen bees, these newly identified toxins should be taken into account in the characterization of a putative allergic response against Apis mellifera stings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7114468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,2]],"date-time":"2015-11-02T02:53:57Z","timestamp":1446432837000},"page":"4468-4483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Honeybee Venom Proteome Profile of Queens and Winter Bees as Determined by a Mass Spectrometric Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ellen","family":"Danneels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S2,  B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Van Vaerenbergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S2,  B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Griet","family":"Debyser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9764-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart","family":"Devreese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8817-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"De Graaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S2,  B-9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.9.081307.164356","article-title":"The toxicogenomic multiverse: Convergent recruitment of proteins into animal venoms","volume":"10","author":"Fry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. 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