{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T01:39:48Z","timestamp":1778549988452,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,16]],"date-time":"2015-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG DA 558\/1-4 and RO 743\/3-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG DA 558\/1-4 and RO 743\/3-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies have shown that chronic oral deoxynivalenol (DON) exposure modulated Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation, whereby the liver was suspected to play an important role. Thus, a total of 41 barrows was fed one of two maize-based diets, either a DON-diet (4.59 mg DON\/kg feed, n = 19) or a control diet (CON, n = 22). Pigs were equipped with indwelling catheters for pre- or post-hepatic (portal vs. jugular catheter) infusion of either control (0.9% NaCl) or LPS (7.5 \u00b5g\/kg BW) for 1h and frequent blood sampling. This design yielded six groups: CON_CONjugular\u2011CONportal, CON_CONjugular\u2011LPSportal, CON_LPSjugular\u2011CONportal, DON_CONjugular\u2011CONportal, DON_CONjugular\u2011LPSportal and DON_LPSjugular\u2011CONportal. Blood samples were analyzed for blood gases, electrolytes, glucose, pH, lactate and red hemogram. The red hemogram and electrolytes were not affected by DON and LPS. DON-feeding solely decreased portal glucose uptake (p &lt; 0.05). LPS-decreased partial oxygen pressure (pO2) overall (p &lt; 0.05), but reduced pCO2 only in arterial blood, and DON had no effect on either. Irrespective of catheter localization, LPS decreased pH and base-excess (p &lt; 0.01), but increased lactate and anion-gap (p &lt; 0.01), indicating an emerging lactic acidosis. Lactic acidosis was more pronounced in the group DON_LPSjugular-CONportal than in CON-fed counterparts (p &lt; 0.05). DON-feeding aggravated the porcine acid-base balance in response to a subsequent immunostimulus dependent on its exposure site (pre- or post-hepatic).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7114773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,16]],"date-time":"2015-11-16T10:17:10Z","timestamp":1447669030000},"page":"4773-4796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Metabolic and Hematological Consequences of Dietary Deoxynivalenol Interacting with Systemic Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Erik","family":"Bannert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig 38116, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Tesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig 38116, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeannette","family":"Kluess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig 38116, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Frahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig 38116, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Kersten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig 38116, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kahlert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg 39120, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Renner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg 39120, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hermann-Josef","family":"Rothk\u00f6tter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg 39120, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"D\u00e4nicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig 38116, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (2013). Deoxynivalenol in food and feed: Occurrence and exposure. EFSA J., 10, 56.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2013.3379"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/109374000281113","article-title":"Immunomodulation by fungal toxins","volume":"3","author":"Bondy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/009841096161447","article-title":"Toxicology of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin)","volume":"48","author":"Rotter","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1983.44.12.2385","article-title":"Blood acid-base curve nomogram for immature domestic pigs","volume":"44","author":"Hannon","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2004.04.023","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms for immune modulation by deoxynivalenol and other trichothecenes: Unraveling a paradox","volume":"153","author":"Pestka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.10.024","article-title":"Deoxynivalenol-induced cytotoxicity, cytokines and related genes in unstimulated or lipopolysaccharide stimulated primary porcine macrophages","volume":"184","author":"Schrickx","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.04.005","article-title":"The Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) modulates the LPS induced acute phase reaction in pigs","volume":"220","author":"Brosig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.10.009","article-title":"A chronic oral exposure of pigs with deoxynivalenol partially prevents the acute effects of lipopolysaccharides on hepatic histopathology and blood clinical chemistry","volume":"215","author":"Stanek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.07.007","article-title":"Interactions of deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharides on cytokine excretion and mRNA expression in porcine hepatocytes and Kupffer cell enriched hepatocyte cultures","volume":"190","author":"Schrickx","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.05.011","article-title":"Interactions of deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharides on cytotoxicity protein synthesis and metabolism of DON in porcine hepatocytes and Kupffer cell enriched hepatocyte cultures","volume":"189","author":"Schrickx","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e318262c4b0","article-title":"Bacterial sensing, cell signaling, and modulation of the immune response during sepsis","volume":"38","author":"Salomao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32818be70a","article-title":"Advances in pathogenesis and management of sepsis","volume":"20","author":"Cinel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000315914","article-title":"Endotoxin in the pathogenesis of sepsis","volume":"167","author":"Marshall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contrib. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1754","article-title":"International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units","volume":"302","author":"Vincent","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022139","article-title":"The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000","volume":"348","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wyns, H., Plessers, E., de Backer, P., Meyer, E., and Croubels, S. (2015). In vivo porcine lipopolysaccharide inflammation models to study immunomodulation of drugs. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2015.06.001"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208623","article-title":"Severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"369","author":"Angus","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01728325","article-title":"Lactic acidosis in sepsis: A commentary","volume":"22","author":"Gutierrez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"151","article-title":"On the origins of lactate during sepsis","volume":"16","author":"Gibot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.99.4.956","article-title":"Blood lactate levels are superior to oxygen-derived variables in predicting outcome in human septic shock","volume":"99","author":"Bakker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200005000-00006","article-title":"Alterations in tissue glucose uptake during the hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic phases of sepsis","volume":"13","author":"Maitra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600600909","article-title":"Influence of first-pass effect on availability of drugs on oral administration","volume":"60","author":"Gibaldi","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"319","article-title":"The role of the liver in the response to LPS: Experimental and clinical findings","volume":"8","author":"Jirillo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Endotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2014.889129","article-title":"The role of the liver in sepsis","volume":"33","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.1446","article-title":"Interactions between lipopolysaccharide and the intestinal epithelium","volume":"224","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Kraft, W., D\u00fcrr, U.M., and Moritz, A. (2014). Klinische Labordiagnostik in der Tiermedizin, Schattauer Verlag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, P., and Cockcroft, P. (2002). Clinical Examination of Farm Animals, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470752425"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"457","article-title":"The influence of stress by restraint and of feeding on blood values of pigs","volume":"12","author":"Bickhardt","year":"1978","journal-title":"AGRIS"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.6.1644","article-title":"Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP\/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians\/Society of Critical Care Medicine","volume":"101","author":"Bone","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/89.7.515","article-title":"The systemic inflammatory response syndrome as a predictor of bacteraemia and outcome from sepsis","volume":"89","author":"Jones","year":"1996","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tesch, T., Bannert, E., Kluess, J., Frahm, J., Kersten, S., Breves, G., Renner, L., Kahlert, S., Rothk\u00f6tter, H.J., and D\u00e4nicke, S. (2015). Does dietary deoxynivalenol modulates the acute phase reaction in endotoxaemic pigs?\u2014Lessons from clinical signs, white blood cell counts and TNF-alpha. Toxins, in press.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8010003"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00760793","article-title":"The influence of a respiratory acidosis on the exercise blood lactate response","volume":"63","author":"McLellan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Arterial and venous blood gases: Indications, interpretations, and clinical applications","volume":"31","author":"Irizarry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201000402","article-title":"Individual and combined effects of subclinical doses of deoxynivalenol and fumonisins in piglets","volume":"55","author":"Grenier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"84","article-title":"The effects of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on haematological and biochemical parameters and selected parameters of oxidative stress in piglets","volume":"34","author":"Modra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1515\/pjvs-2015-0028","article-title":"The effects of dietary deoxynivalenol (DON) on selected blood biochemical and hematological parameters in pre-pubertal gilts","volume":"18","author":"Zielonka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"67","article-title":"Electrolyte disturbances due to ouabain sensitive sodium potassium pump in erythrocytes of children with sepsis","volume":"105","author":"Suri","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"259","article-title":"Changes in sodium, potassium, and adenosine-triphosphate contents of red-blood-cells in sepsis and septic shock","volume":"9","author":"Illner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Circ. Shock"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198309000-00001","article-title":"Changes in red blood cell transmembrane potential, electrolytes, and energy content in septic shock","volume":"23","author":"Shires","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"R809","article-title":"Ion transport in circulatory and\/or septic shock","volume":"252","author":"Sayeed","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"R21","article-title":"Sepsis does not alter red blood cell glucose metabolism or Na+ concentration: A 2H-, 23Na-NMR study","volume":"258","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119052","article-title":"Linkage of aerobic glycolysis to sodium-potassium transport in rat skeletal muscle\u2014Implications for increased muscle lactate production in sepsis","volume":"98","author":"James","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.5.1895","article-title":"Role of tissue hypoxia as the mechanism of lactic-acidosis during Escherichia coli endotoxemia","volume":"72","author":"Hurtado","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199404000-00021","article-title":"Skeletal muscle partial pressure of oxygen in patients with sepsis","volume":"22","author":"Boekstegers","year":"1994","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000181525.99295.8F","article-title":"Lactate and glucose metabolism in severe sepsis and cardiogenic shock","volume":"33","author":"Revelly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(93)90064-8","article-title":"Lacticacidemia","volume":"1182","author":"Robinson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.4.9705037","article-title":"Mild hyperlactatemia in stable septic patients is due to impaired lactate clearance rather than overproduction","volume":"157","author":"Levraut","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(84)90112-8","article-title":"Pathophysiology and treatment of septic shock","volume":"2","author":"Schumer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Renner, L., Kahlert, S., Bannert, E., Tesch, T., Kluess, J., Kersten, S., D\u00e4nicke, S., and Rothk\u00f6tter, H.J. (2015, January 1\u20133). Effects of chronic DON exposure and systemic LPS administration on liver histopathology in pigs. Proceedings of the 37th Mycotoxin Workshop, Bratislava, Slovakia."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(99)90179-8","article-title":"Leukocyte glycolysis and lactate output in animal sepsis and ex vivo human blood","volume":"48","author":"Ladriere","year":"1999","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2005.04.031","article-title":"LPS priming potentiates and prolongs proinflammatory cytokine response to the trichothecene deoxynivalenol in the mouse","volume":"211","author":"Islam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(97)00167-1","article-title":"Modulation of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 secretion and mRNA expression by the trichothecene vomitoxin in the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line","volume":"36","author":"Wong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(93)90137-D","article-title":"Effect of high-dose endotoxin on glucose-production and utilization","volume":"42","author":"Lang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-012-0135-x","article-title":"Effects of deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharide on electrophysiological parameters in growing pigs","volume":"28","author":"Halawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.1.15","article-title":"In vitro effects of deoxynivalenol on small intestinal d-glucose uptake and absorption of deoxynivalenol across the isolated jejunal epithelium of laying hens","volume":"86","author":"Awad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2723","article-title":"The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol affects nutrient absorption in human intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"132","author":"Maresca","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02957587","article-title":"The influence of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol on jejunal glucose transport in pigs","volume":"21","author":"Zerull","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.2.793","article-title":"Gut and muscle tissue pO2 in endotoxemic dogs during shock and resuscitation","volume":"76","author":"Vallet","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"111","article-title":"Hypoperfusion of the intestinal microcirculation without decreased cardiac output during live Escherichia coli sepsis in rats","volume":"27","author":"Whitworth","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circ. Shock"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G155","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00139.2007","article-title":"Protein kinases, TNF-alpha, and proteasome contribute in the inhibition of fructose intestinal transport by sepsis in vivo","volume":"294","author":"Marca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-007-9012-5","article-title":"Intestinal d-galactose transport in an endotoxemia model in the rabbit","volume":"215","author":"Amador","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21168","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of TNF-\u03b1 on the intestinal absorption of galactose","volume":"101","author":"Amador","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.1961.tb00445.x","article-title":"Zur Technik langfristiger Stoffwechselversuche an wachsenden Schweinen","volume":"16","author":"Farries","year":"1961","journal-title":"Z. Tierphysiol. Tierern\u00e4hr. Futtermittelkd."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197756010-00002","article-title":"Clinical Use of Anion Gap","volume":"56","author":"Emmett","year":"1977","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2002.065","article-title":"The accuracy of calculated base excess in blood","volume":"40","author":"Lang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/7\/11\/4773\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:52:12Z","timestamp":1760215932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/7\/11\/4773"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,16]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins7114773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins7114773","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,16]]}}}