{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:30:55Z","timestamp":1791307855004,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,30]],"date-time":"2015-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hymenoptera venoms constitute an interesting source of natural toxins that may lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents. The present study investigated the enzymatic and biological characteristics of the crude venom of the ant Odontomachus bauri. Its crude venom presents several protein bands, with higher staining for six proteins with gelatinolytic activity (17, 20, 26, 29, 43 and 48 kDa). The crude venom showed high proteolytic activity on azocasein at optimal pH 8.0 and 37 \u00b0C. In the presence of protease inhibitors as aprotinin, leupeptin and EDTA, the azocaseinolytic activity was reduced by 45%, 29% and 9%, respectively, suggesting that the enzymes present in the crude venom belong to the three classes of proteases, with the serine proteases in greater intensity. The crude venom degraded the fibrinogen \u03b1-chain faster than the \u03b2-chain, while the fibrinogen \u03b3-chain remained unchanged. In biological assays, O. bauri venom showed hemolytic and coagulant activity in vitro, and defibrinating activity in vivo. In addition, the venom showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as well as antiparasitic activity on Toxoplasma gondii infection in vitro. In that sense, this study sheds perspectives for pharmacological applications of O. bauri venom enzymes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7124869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,30]],"date-time":"2015-11-30T10:57:24Z","timestamp":1448881044000},"page":"5114-5128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Biological and Enzymatic Characterization of Proteases from Crude Venom of the Ant Odontomachus bauri"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology \u201cDr. Mario Endsfeldz Camargo\u201d, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Av. Par\u00e1 1720, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology \u201cDr. Mario Endsfeldz Camargo\u201d, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Av. Par\u00e1 1720, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology \u201cDr. Mario Endsfeldz Camargo\u201d, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Av. Par\u00e1 1720, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Oliveira Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology \u201cDr. Mario Endsfeldz Camargo\u201d, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Av. Par\u00e1 1720, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara\u00edsa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology \u201cDr. Mario Endsfeldz Camargo\u201d, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Av. Par\u00e1 1720, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karinne","family":"Naves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Av. Par\u00e1 1720, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Biophysics, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Av. Par\u00e1 1720, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute in Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (NanoBiofar), Belo Horizonte-MG 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deise","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology \u201cDr. Mario Endsfeldz Camargo\u201d, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Av. Par\u00e1 1720, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Mineo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology \u201cDr. Mario Endsfeldz Camargo\u201d, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Av. Par\u00e1 1720, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology \u201cDr. Mario Endsfeldz Camargo\u201d, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Av. Par\u00e1 1720, Uberl\u00e2ndia 38400-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.015263","article-title":"Phylogeny, scaling, and the generation of extreme forces in trap-jaw ants","volume":"211","author":"Spagna","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762012000400004","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans carried by Odontomachus bauri ants","volume":"107","author":"Jesus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Osvaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2002.01480.x","article-title":"Severe human urticaria produced by ant (Odontomachus bauri, Emery 1892) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) venom","volume":"41","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1126\/science.262.5133.561","article-title":"Fast trap jaws and giant neurons in the ant Odontomachus","volume":"5133","author":"Gronenberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12787","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604290103","article-title":"Multifunctionality and mechanical origins: Ballistic jaw propulsion in trap-jaw ants","volume":"103","author":"Patek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1126\/science.262.5133.561","article-title":"Fast Trap Jaws and Giant Neurons in the Ant Odontomachus","volume":"262","author":"Gronenberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"77","article-title":"Intense allergic reaction in a patient stung by the black ant (Odontomachus bauri)","volume":"1","author":"Navarrete","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Cuba. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"24","article-title":"General morphology and ultrastructure of the venom apparatus and convoluted gland of the fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima","volume":"10","author":"Fox","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2012.12.001","article-title":"Diversity and morphology of abdominal glands in workers of the ant genus Myopias (Formicidae, Ponerinae)","volume":"42","author":"Billen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthropod Struct. Dev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.02.013","article-title":"Pilosulins: A review of the structure and mode of action of venom peptides from an Australian ant Myrmecia pilosula","volume":"98","author":"Wanandy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17823","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M100216200","article-title":"Ponericins, new antibacterial and insecticidal peptides from the venom of the ant Pachycondyla goeldii","volume":"276","author":"Orivel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.20136","article-title":"Exocrine chemistry of the myrmicine ant Zacryptocerus pusillus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","volume":"63","author":"Morgan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1586\/epr.09.45","article-title":"Venomics as a drug discovery platform","volume":"6","author":"Escoubas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.10.020","article-title":"Complex cocktails: The evolutionary novelty of venoms","volume":"28","author":"Casewell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2013.10.017","article-title":"Peptidomic comparison and characterization of the major components of the venom of the giant ant Dinoponera quadriceps collected in four different areas of Brazil","volume":"94","author":"Cologna","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153650","article-title":"Spider-Venom Peptides: Structure, pharmacology, and potential for control of insect pests","volume":"58","author":"King","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1315-3","article-title":"The insecticidal potential of venom peptides","volume":"70","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-535-4_7","article-title":"Purification and characterization of biologically active peptides from spider venoms","volume":"615","author":"Vassilevski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-987","article-title":"De Novo sequencing and transcriptome analysis for Tetramorium bicarinatum: A comprehensive venom gland transcriptome analysis from an ant species","volume":"15","author":"Bouzid","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2014.10.021","article-title":"Diversity of peptide toxins from stinging ant venoms","volume":"92","author":"Aili","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7041126","article-title":"Three valuable peptides from bee and wasp venoms for therapeutic and biotechnological use: Melittin, apamin and mastoparan","volume":"7","author":"Moreno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1385\/CRIAI:30:2:109","article-title":"Hymenoptera Venom Allergens","volume":"30","author":"Hoffman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-010-0516-4","article-title":"Venomics: A new paradigm for natural products-based drug discovery","volume":"40","author":"Vetter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.10.018","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of Myrmecia pilosula (jack jumper) ant venom","volume":"47","author":"Wiese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2009.00883.x","article-title":"The major antennal chemosensory protein of red imported fire ant workers","volume":"18","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14430","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.23.14430","article-title":"Proteolytic enzymes from larvae of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Isolation and characterization of four serine endopeptidases","volume":"273","author":"Whitworth","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2011.06.020","article-title":"Fibrin(ogen)olytic activity of bumblebee venom serine protease","volume":"255","author":"Qiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9918-8_2","article-title":"Protein denaturation on p-t axes\u2014Thermodynamics and analysis","volume":"72","author":"Smeller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Subcell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.03.010","article-title":"Profiling the venom gland transcriptome of Tetramorium bicarinatum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): The first transcriptome analysis of an ant species","volume":"70","author":"Bouzid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.021","article-title":"Purification, characterization and gene cloning of Da-36, a novel serine protease from Deinagkistrodon acutus venom","volume":"67","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-006-0016-5","article-title":"Improvement of Interfacial Protein Stability by CHAPS","volume":"28","author":"Sah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.10.001","article-title":"Mechanism of in vivo anticoagulant and haemolytic activity by a neutral phospholipase A(2) purified from Daboia russelii russelii venom: Correlation with clinical manifestations in Russell\u2019s Viper envenomed patients","volume":"76","author":"Saikia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2009.05.008","article-title":"Characterization of two novel polyfunctional mastoparan peptides from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista","volume":"30","author":"Resende","year":"2009","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.04.009","article-title":"Structural and biological characterization of two novel peptides from the venom of the neotropical social wasp Agelaia pallipes pallipes","volume":"44","author":"Mendes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2014.05.022","article-title":"Venom toxicity and composition in three Pseudomyrmex ant species having different nesting modes","volume":"88","author":"Touchard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"299","article-title":"Comparative study of the enzymatic, hemorrhagic, procoagulant and anticoagulant activities of some animal venoms","volume":"36","author":"Gnanajothy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Camp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.01.002","article-title":"An anticoagulant serine protease from the wasp venom of Vespa magnifica","volume":"51","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.02.014","article-title":"Bhalternin: Functional and structural characterization of a new thrombin-like enzyme from Bothrops alternatus snake venom","volume":"55","author":"Fonseca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.038","article-title":"Experimental pathology of local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper snake venom","volume":"54","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2006.09.003","article-title":"The mastoparanogen from wasp","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.06.006","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro antileishmanial activity of Bungarus caeruleus snake venom through alteration of immunomodulatory activity","volume":"135","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0","article-title":"Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4","volume":"227","author":"Laemmli","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2011.08.014","article-title":"Purification and characterization of a new alkaline serine protease from the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora sp.","volume":"46","author":"Zanphorlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(80)90338-3","article-title":"Electrophoretic analysis of plasminogen activators in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and copolymerized substrates","volume":"102","author":"Heussen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(73)90082-0","article-title":"The proteolytic action of ancrod on human fibrinogen and its polypeptide chains","volume":"2","author":"Edgar","year":"1973","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.11.007","article-title":"Sex-based individual variation of snake venom proteome among eighteen Bothrops jararaca siblings","volume":"47","author":"Menezes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(72)90116-X","article-title":"Characterization of the coagulant activity of some snake venoms","volume":"10","author":"Denson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(89)90096-2","article-title":"Comparative study on coagulant, defibrinating, fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities of Costa Rican crotaline snake venoms and their neutralization by a polyvalent antivenom","volume":"27","author":"Gene","year":"1989","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.312.6683","article-title":"Is rapid antibacterial susceptibility testing medium reliable for routine laboratory practices?","volume":"31","author":"Yagmur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.04.010","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: Effects of Artemisia annua L. on susceptibility to infection in experimental models in vitro and in vivo","volume":"122","author":"Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4206","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00793-06","article-title":"In Vitro Inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii by Four New Derivatives of Artemisinin","volume":"50","author":"Posner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/7\/12\/4869\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:52:58Z","timestamp":1760215978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/7\/12\/4869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,30]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins7124869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins7124869","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,30]]}}}