{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:30:55Z","timestamp":1791307855039,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]],"date-time":"2016-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The in vivo neuroprotective effect of PhTx3-4, a spider toxin N-P\/Q calcium channel blocker, was studied in a rat model of NMDA-induced injury of the retina. NMDA (N-Methyl-d-Aspartate)-induced retinal injury in rats reduced the b-wave amplitude by 62% \u00b1 3.6%, indicating the severity of the insult. PhTx3-4 treatment increased the amplitude of the b-wave, which was almost equivalent to the control retinas that were not submitted to injury. The PhTx3-4 functional protection of the retinas recorded on the ERG also was observed in the neuroprotection of retinal cells. NMDA-induced injury reduced live cells in the retina layers and the highest reduction, 84%, was in the ganglion cell layer. Notably, PhTx3-4 treatment caused a remarkable reduction of dead cells in the retina layers, and the highest neuroprotective effect was in the ganglion cells layer. NMDA-induced cytotoxicity of the retina increased the release of glutamate, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress. PhTx3-4 treatment reduced glutamate release, ROS production and oxidative stress measured by malondialdehyde. Thus, we presented for the first time evidence of in vivo neuroprotection from NMDA-induced retinal injury by PhTx3-4 (-ctenitoxin-Pn3a), a spider toxin that blocks N-P\/Q calcium channels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8030070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]],"date-time":"2016-03-14T11:03:45Z","timestamp":1457953425000},"page":"70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["PhTx3-4, a Spider Toxin Calcium Channel Blocker, Reduces NMDA-Induced Injury of the Retina"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Nancy","family":"Binda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Porto Petruceli Carayon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Agostini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Do Nascimento Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Nascimento Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Laboratory of Biochemistry, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30510-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Romano Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Minas Gerais Federal University, Neuroscience Laboratory, Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Figueira Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizete","family":"Rita Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Da Silva Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lio","family":"De Castro Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3162-3206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre","family":"Sena Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Montes Claros State University, University Hospital, Health Laboratory Research, Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais 39401-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6082-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Education and Research Santa Casa Belo Horizonte-Laboratory of Toxins, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00075","article-title":"Preclinical models to investigate retinal ischemia: Advances and drawbacks","volume":"3","author":"Minhas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. 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