{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T19:03:16Z","timestamp":1789066996087,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,26]],"date-time":"2016-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["154557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["154557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PAPIIT-UNAM","award":["IN214211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN214211"]}]},{"name":"PAPIIT-UNAM","award":["IN225014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN225014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The venom of the Eastern coral snake Micrurus fulvius can cause respiratory paralysis in the bitten patient, which is attributable to \u03b2-neurotoxins (\u03b2-NTx). The aim of this work was to study the biodistribution and lymphatic tracking by molecular imaging of the main \u03b2-NTx of M. fulvius venom. \u03b2-NTx was bioconjugated with the chelator diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA) and radiolabeled with the radionuclide Gallium-67. Radiolabeling efficiency was 60%\u201378%; radiochemical purity \u226592%; and stability at 48 h \u2265 85%. The median lethal dose (LD50) and PLA2 activity of bioconjugated \u03b2-NTx decreased 3 and 2.5 times, respectively, in comparison with native \u03b2-NTx. The immune recognition by polyclonal antibodies decreased 10 times. Biodistribution of \u03b2-NTx-DTPA-67Ga in rats showed increased uptake in popliteal, lumbar nodes and kidneys that was not observed with 67Ga-free. Accumulation in organs at 24 h was less than 1%, except for kidneys, where the average was 3.7%. The inoculation site works as a depot, since 10% of the initial dose of \u03b2-NTx-DTPA-67Ga remains there for up to 48 h. This work clearly demonstrates the lymphatic system participation in the biodistribution of \u03b2-NTx-DTPA-67Ga. Our approach could be applied to analyze the role of the lymphatic system in snakebite for a better understanding of envenoming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8040085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]],"date-time":"2016-03-29T16:00:28Z","timestamp":1459267228000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Biodistribution and Lymphatic Tracking of the Main Neurotoxin of Micrurus fulvius Venom by Molecular Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Irene","family":"Vergara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad # 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en C\u00e1ncer INCan-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Romero-Pi\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en C\u00e1ncer INCan-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itzel","family":"Torres-Viquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en C\u00e1ncer INCan-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayanira","family":"Paniagua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad # 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Immunochemistry, Pharmacology and Emergency Response (VIPER) Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Alag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad # 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en C\u00e1ncer INCan-UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"},{"name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Roze, J.A. (1996). 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