{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T06:09:10Z","timestamp":1769580550274,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,12]],"date-time":"2016-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>PnTx4(6-1), henceforth renamed \u03b4-Ctenitoxin-Pn1a (\u03b4-CNTX-Pn1a), a peptide from Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom, initially described as an insect toxin, binds to site 3 of sodium channels in nerve cord synaptosomes and slows down sodium current inactivation in isolated axons in cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). \u03b4-CNTX-Pn1a does not cause any apparent toxicity to mice, when intracerebroventricularly injected (30 \u03bcg). In this study, we evaluated the antinociceptive effect of \u03b4-CNTX-Pn1a in three animal pain models and investigated its mechanism of action in acute pain. In the inflammatory pain model, induced by carrageenan, \u03b4-CNTX-Pn1a restored the nociceptive threshold of rats, when intraplantarly injected, 2 h and 30 min after carrageenan administration. Concerning the neuropathic pain model, \u03b4-CNTX-Pn1a, when intrathecally administered, reversed the hyperalgesia evoked by sciatic nerve constriction. In the acute pain model, induced by prostaglandin E2, intrathecal administration of \u03b4-CNTX-Pn1a caused a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect. Using antagonists of the receptors, we showed that the antinociceptive effect of \u03b4-CNTX-Pn1a involves both the cannabinoid system, through CB1 receptors, and the opioid system, through \u03bc and \u03b4 receptors. Our data show, for the first time, that \u03b4-Ctenitoxin-Pn1a is able to induce antinociception in inflammatory, neuropathic and acute pain models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8040106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,12]],"date-time":"2016-04-12T10:57:33Z","timestamp":1460458653000},"page":"106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["\u03b4-Ctenitoxin-Pn1a, a Peptide from Phoneutria nigriventer Spider Venom, Shows Antinociceptive Effect Involving Opioid and Cannabinoid Systems, in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Bruna","family":"Emerich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro, 80, Belo Horizonte, MG 30510010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro, 80, Belo Horizonte, MG 30510010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suely","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Fisiol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, Vit\u00f3ria, ES 29040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"De Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Harper, D. Online Etymology Dictionary, \u201cPenal-Etymology\u201d. Available online: http:\/\/www.etymonline.com\/index.php?term=penal&allowed_in_frame=0."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.04.014","article-title":"Toxins in anti-nociception and anti-inflammation","volume":"44","author":"Rajendra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.14.103","article-title":"Spider venomics: Implications for drug discovery","volume":"6","author":"Pineda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Med. 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