{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T01:05:39Z","timestamp":1792371939035,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,18]],"date-time":"2016-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Solitary wasps paralyze insects or spiders with stinging venom and feed the paralyzed preys to their larva. Accordingly, the venoms should contain a variety of constituents acting on nervous systems. However, only a few solitary wasp venoms have been chemically studied despite thousands of species inhabiting the planet. We have surveyed bioactive substances in solitary wasp venoms found in Japan and discovered a variety of novel bioactive peptides. Pompilidotoxins (PMTXs), in the venoms of the pompilid wasps Anoplius samariensis and Batozonellus maculifrons, are small peptides consisting of 13 amino acids without a disulfide bond. PMTXs slowed Na+ channel inactivation, in particular against neuronal type Na+ channels, and were rather selective to the Nav1.6 channel. Mastoparan-like cytolytic and antimicrobial peptides are the major components of eumenine wasp venoms. They are rich in hydrophobic and basic amino acids, adopting a \u03b1-helical secondary structure, and showing mast cell degranulating, antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. The venom of the spider wasp Cyphononyx fulvognathus contained four bradykinin-related peptides. They are hyperalgesic and, dependent on the structure, differently associated with B1 or B2 receptors. Further survey led to the isolation of leucomyosuppressin-like FMRFamide peptides from the venoms of the digger wasps Sphex argentatus and Isodontia harmandi. These results of peptide toxins in solitary wasp venoms from our studies are summarized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8040114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,18]],"date-time":"2016-04-18T10:37:17Z","timestamp":1460975837000},"page":"114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Peptide Toxins in Solitary Wasp Venoms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Katsuhiro","family":"Konno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Toyama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Kazuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Toyama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken-ichi","family":"Nihei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Piek, T. 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