{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:44:30Z","timestamp":1791045870972,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]],"date-time":"2016-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of onabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) for the treatment of lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD) has increased markedly in recent years. The indications for BoNT-A treatment of LUTD now include neurogenic or idiopathic detrusor overactivity, interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome and voiding dysfunction. The mechanisms of BoNT-A action on LUTDs affect many different aspects. Traditionally, the effects of BoNT-A were believed to be attributable to inhibition of acetylcholine release from the presynaptic efferent nerves at the neuromuscular junctions in the detrusor or urethral sphincter. BoNT-A injection in the bladder also regulated sensory nerve function by blocking neurotransmitter release and reducing receptor expression in the urothelium. In addition, recent studies revealed an anti-inflammatory effect for BoNT-A. Substance P and nerve growth factor in the urine and bladder tissue decreased after BoNT-A injection. Mast cell activation in the bladder also decreased. BoNT-A-induced improvement of urothelium function plays an important mitigating role in bladder dysfunction. Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in urothelium decreased after BoNT-A injection, as did apoptosis. Studies also revealed increased apoptosis in the prostate after BoNT-A injection. Although BoNT-A injection has been widely used to treat different LUTDs refractory to conventional treatment, currently, onabotulinumtoxinA has been proven effective only on urinary incontinence due to IDO and NDO in several large-scale clinical trials. The effects of onabotulinumtoxinA on other LUTDs such as interstitial cystitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, dysfunctional voiding or detrusor sphincter dyssynergia have not been well demonstrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8040120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]],"date-time":"2016-04-21T10:25:21Z","timestamp":1461234321000},"page":"120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Botulinum Toxin A and Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: Pathophysiology and Mechanisms of Action"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jia-Fong","family":"Jhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, 707 Chung-Yang Road, Section 3, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7165-4771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hann-Chorng","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, 707 Chung-Yang Road, Section 3, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1834","article-title":"Pathophysiology and classification of lower urinary tract dysfunction: Overview","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Louis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Campbell Walsh Urology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10052","article-title":"The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: Report from the standardisation sub-committee of the international continence society","volume":"21","author":"Abrams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurourol. 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