{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T16:43:04Z","timestamp":1793032984779,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,13]],"date-time":"2016-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a major cause of gastroduodenal diseases, produces VacA, a vacuolating cytotoxin associated with gastric inflammation and ulceration. The C-terminal domain of VacA plays a crucial role in receptor recognition on target cells. We have previously identified three proteins (i.e., RPTP\u03b1, RPTP\u03b2, and LRP1) that serve as VacA receptors. These receptors contribute to the internalization of VacA into epithelial cells, activate signal transduction pathways, and contribute to cell death and gastric ulceration. In addition, other factors (e.g., CD18, sphingomyelin) have also been identified as cell-surface, VacA-binding proteins. Since we believe that, following interactions with its host cell receptors, VacA participates in events leading to disease, a better understanding of the cellular function of VacA receptors may provide valuable information regarding the mechanisms underlying the pleiotropic actions of VacA and the pathogenesis of H. pylori-mediated disease. In this review, we focus on VacA receptors and their role in events leading to cell damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8050152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,13]],"date-time":"2016-05-13T11:53:16Z","timestamp":1463140396000},"page":"152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["New Insights into VacA Intoxication Mediated through Its Cell Surface Receptors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kinnosuke","family":"Yahiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiya","family":"Hirayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Building 10, Room 6D03, MSC 1590, Bethesda, MD 20892-1590, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Noda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/35073084","article-title":"Living dangerously: How Helicobacter pylori survives in the human stomach","volume":"2","author":"Montecucco","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. 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