{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:59:19Z","timestamp":1789376359548,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]],"date-time":"2016-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the effect of laboratory and industrial steaming on mussels with toxin concentrations above and below the legal limit. We used mild conditions for steaming, 100 \u00b0C for 5 min in industrial processing, and up to 20 min in small-scale laboratory steaming. Also, we studied the effect of heat on the toxin concentration of mussels obtained from two different locations and the effect of heat on the levels of dinophysistoxins 3 (DTX3) in both the mussel matrix and in pure form (7-O-palmitoyl okadaic ester and 7-O-palmytoleyl okadaic ester). The results show that the loss of water due to steaming was very small with a maximum of 9.5%, that the toxin content remained unchanged with no concentration effect or increase in toxicity, and that dinophysistoxins 3 was hydrolyzed or degraded to a certain extent under heat treatment. The use of liquid-certified matrix showed a 55% decrease of dinophysistoxins 3 after 10 min steaming, and a 50% reduction in total toxicity after treatment with an autoclave (121 \u00b0C for 20 min).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8060175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]],"date-time":"2016-06-06T10:47:38Z","timestamp":1465210058000},"page":"175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Evaluation of the Impact of Mild Steaming and Heat Treatment on the Concentration of Okadaic Acid, Dinophysistoxin-2 and Dinophysistoxin-3 in Mussels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo, USC, Lugo 27002, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amparo","family":"Alfonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo, USC, Lugo 27002, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Antelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio CIFGA S.A., Plaza de Santo Domingo 20 5<sup>a<\/sup> planta, Lugo 27001, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio CIFGA S.A., Plaza de Santo Domingo 20 5<sup>a<\/sup> planta, Lugo 27001, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2153-6608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Botana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo, USC, Lugo 27002, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.03.010","article-title":"Tissue distribution, effects of cooking and parameters affecting the extraction of azaspiracids from mussels, Mytilus edulis, prior to analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry","volume":"46","author":"Hess","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.01.009","article-title":"Effects of cooking and heat treatment on concentration and tissue distribution of okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-2 in mussels (Mytilus edulis)","volume":"51","author":"McCarron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"EC (2074). 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Available online: http:\/\/aesan.msssi.gob.es\/CRLMB\/docs\/docs\/metodos_analiticos_de_desarrollo\/EU-Harmonised-SOP-LIPO-LCMSMS_Version5.pdf."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/8\/6\/175\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:25:04Z","timestamp":1760210704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/8\/6\/175"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins8060175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins8060175","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]]}}}