{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:43:47Z","timestamp":1791891827212,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":383,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,4]],"date-time":"2016-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since ochratoxin A (OTA) was discovered, it has been ubiquitous as a natural contaminant of moldy food and feed. The multiple toxic effects of OTA are a real threat for human beings and animal health. For example, OTA can cause porcine nephropathy but can also damage poultries. Humans exposed to OTA can develop (notably by inhalation in the development of acute renal failure within 24 h) a range of chronic disorders such as upper urothelial carcinoma. OTA plays the main role in the pathogenesis of some renal diseases including Balkan endemic nephropathy, kidney tumors occurring in certain endemic regions of the Balkan Peninsula, and chronic interstitial nephropathy occurring in Northern African countries and likely in other parts of the world. OTA leads to DNA adduct formation, which is known for its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The present article discusses how renal carcinogenicity and nephrotoxicity cause both oxidative stress and direct genotoxicity. Careful analyses of the data show that OTA carcinogenic effects are due to combined direct and indirect mechanisms (e.g., genotoxicity, oxidative stress, epigenetic factors). Altogether this provides strong evidence that OTA carcinogenicity can also occur in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8070191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,4]],"date-time":"2016-07-04T10:04:21Z","timestamp":1467626661000},"page":"191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":417,"title":["Ochratoxin A: 50 Years of Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Frantisek","family":"Malir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Ostry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Center for Microfungi and Mycotoxins in Food Chains, Center of Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Brno 61242, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Pfohl-Leszkowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Bioprocess &amp; Microbial Systems, Laboratory Chemical Engineering, INP\/ENSA Toulouse, University of Toulouse, UMR 5503 CNRS\/INPT\/UPS, Auzeville-Tolosane 31320, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Malir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of State and Law, Czech Academy of Sciences, Narodni 18, Prague 11600, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Toman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1080\/02652039809374680","article-title":"Survey of pork, poultry, coffee, beer and pulses for Ochratoxin A","volume":"15","year":"1998","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3647","article-title":"Screening of mycotoxin multicontamination in medicinal and aromatic herbs sampled in Spain","volume":"89","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/2051112a0","article-title":"Ochratoxin A, a toxic metabolite produced by Aspergillus ochraceus Wilh","volume":"205","author":"Steyn","year":"1965","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"7083","article-title":"Mycotoxins Part II. The constitution of Ochratoxins A, B and C, metabolites of Aspergillus ochraceus Wilh","volume":"204","author":"Steyn","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"235","article-title":"Ochratoxin A: Toxicology of an abundant mycotoxin","volume":"8","author":"Weidenbach","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2005.07.004","article-title":"Acute neurotoxic effects of the fungal metabolite Ochratoxin A","volume":"27","author":"Sava","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm093","article-title":"Adult hippocampal neural stem\/progenitor cells in vitro are vulnerable to the mycotoxin Ochratoxin A","volume":"98","author":"Sava","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200600137","article-title":"Ochratoxin A: An overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans","volume":"51","author":"Manderville","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3109\/15569543.2013.782504","article-title":"Toxicity of the mycotoxin Ochratoxin A in the light of recent data","volume":"32","author":"Malir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.21091","article-title":"Ochratoxin A: Developmental and reproductive toxicity-An overview","volume":"98","author":"Malir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. B"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"IARC (1993). Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Some Naturally Occuring Substances: Food Items and Costituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins, IARC."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"70","article-title":"Sex-and strain-specific induction of renal tumors by Ochratoxin A in rats correlates with DNA adduction","volume":"77","author":"Castegnaro","year":"1998","journal-title":"IARC"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"76","article-title":"Sex and strain differences in Ochratoxin A metabolism and DNA adduction in two strains of rats","volume":"23","author":"Pinelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030110079815","article-title":"Balkan Endemic Nephropathy and associated Urinary tract tumours: A review on aetiological causes and the potential role of mycotoxins","volume":"19","author":"Chernozemsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14010935","article-title":"Ochratoxin A inhibits mouse embryonic development by activating A mitochondrion-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Hsuuw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700045","article-title":"New molecular and field evidences for the implication of mycotoxins but not aristolochic acid in human nephropathy and Urinary tract tumor","volume":"51","author":"Tozlovanu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"465","article-title":"Ochratoxin A and aristolochic acid involvement in nephropathies and associated Urothelial tract tumours","volume":"60","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02946032","article-title":"Biomonitoring of Ochratoxin A in grain workers","volume":"23","author":"Degen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-002-0319-3","article-title":"External and internal dose in subjects occupationally exposed to Ochratoxin A","volume":"75","author":"Iavicoli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"245","article-title":"Ochratoxin in grain dust-estimated exposure and relations to agricultural practices in grain production","volume":"11","author":"Halstensen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.7.2650-2652.1994","article-title":"Ochratoxin A production by strains of Aspergillus niger var. niger","volume":"60","author":"Abarca","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00436726","article-title":"Immunochemical detection of Ochratoxin A in black Aspergillus strains","volume":"134","author":"Teren","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeVries, J.W., Truckseess, M.W., and Jackson, L.S. (2002). Mycotoxins and Food Safety, Kluwer Academic, Plenum Publisher.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0629-4"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4696","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.8.4696-4702.2005","article-title":"Study of Spanish grape mycobiota and Ochratoxin A production by isolates of Aspergillus tubingensis and other members of Aspergillus section Nigri","volume":"71","author":"Medina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"23","article-title":"New Ochratoxin A producing species of Aspergillus section Circumdati","volume":"50","author":"Frisvad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stud. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"45","article-title":"New Ochratoxin A or sclerotium producing species in Aspergillus section Nigri","volume":"50","author":"Samson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stud. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1139\/m69-232","article-title":"Penicillium viridicatum Westling: A new source of Ochratoxin A","volume":"15","author":"Scott","year":"1969","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"260","article-title":"Penicillium subgenus Penicillium: New taxonomic schemes and mycotoxins and other extrolites","volume":"49","author":"Samson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stud. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1128\/am.26.3.271-278.1973","article-title":"Mycotoxin-producing strains of Penicillium viridicatum: Classification into subgroups","volume":"26","author":"Ciegler","year":"1973","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Pitt, J.I. (1979). The Genus Penicillium and Its Teleomorphic States Eupenicillium and Talaromyces, Academic Press, Inc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3630","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.8.3630-3635.2001","article-title":"Biochemical characterization of Ochratoxin A-Producing strains of the genus Penicillium","volume":"67","author":"Larsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Env. Microb."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.08.010","article-title":"Development of a molecular detection and differentiation system for Ochratoxin A producing Penicillium species and its application to analyse the occurrence of Penicillium nordicum in cured meats","volume":"107","author":"Bogs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5091574","article-title":"Producers and important dietary sources of Ochratoxin A and citrinin","volume":"5","author":"Ostry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Budavari, S. (1989). The Merck Index, Merck & Co.. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"179","article-title":"Risk assessment of the mycotoxin Ochratoxin A","volume":"2","author":"Scott","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1351\/pac198254112219","article-title":"Physico-chemical data for some selected mycotoxins","volume":"54","author":"Pohland","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"WHO (1990). Selected Mycotoxins: Ochratoxins, Trichothecenes, Ergot, Environmental Health Criteria, WHO."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"95","article-title":"Decontamination of mycotoxins. 1. Physical process (Ger.)","volume":"10","year":"1982","journal-title":"\u00dcbersicht. Tieremahr."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Castegnaro, M., Barek, J., Fr\u00e9my, J.-M., Lafontaine, M., Miraglia, M., Sansone, E.B., and Telling, G.M. (1991). Laboratory Decontamination and Destruction of Carcinogens in Laboratory Wastes: Some Mycotoxins, IARC Scientific Publications."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2040461","article-title":"Ochratoxin A: General overview and actual molecular status","volume":"2","author":"Atoui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3438","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6123438","article-title":"Transfer of Ochratoxin A into tea and coffee beverages","volume":"6","author":"Malir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7189(199809\/10)6:5<173::AID-NT10>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Differences in neurotoxic effects of Ochratoxin A, ochracin and ochratoxin-\u03b1 in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Bruinink","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Toxins"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200500219","article-title":"Evidence of a new dechlorinated Ochratoxin A derivative formed in opossum kidney cell cultures after pretreatment by modulators of glutathione pathways: Correlation with DNA-adduct formation","volume":"50","author":"Pont","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1021\/tx060138g","article-title":"Genotoxicity of the hydroquinone metabolite of Ochratoxin A: Structure-activity relationships for covalent DNA adduction","volume":"19","author":"Tozlovanu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2005.10.106","article-title":"Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of Ochratoxin A, an update","volume":"159","author":"Ringot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Papadopoulos, K.N. (2008). Food Chemistry Research Developments, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/138920011794520026","article-title":"Metabolic pathways of Ochratoxin A","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5122671","article-title":"In vitro glucuronidation of Ochratoxin A by rat liver microsomes","volume":"5","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8570-0","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo metabolism of Ochratoxin A: A comparative study using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole\/time-of-flight hybrid mass spectrometry","volume":"407","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4253","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7104253","article-title":"Comparative Ochratoxin toxicity: A review of the available data","volume":"7","author":"Heussner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(97)04669-7","article-title":"Retinol, ascorbic acid and \u0391-tocopherol prevent DNA adduct formation in mice treated with the mycotoxins Ochratoxin A and zearalenone","volume":"114","author":"Grosse","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"91","article-title":"In vitro Transformation of Ochratoxin A by animal microbioal floras","volume":"7","author":"Galtier","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann. Rech. Vet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(69)90224-X","article-title":"The hydrolysis of Ochratoxin A by some proteolytic enzymes","volume":"18","author":"Pitout","year":"1969","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.33.6.1275-1277.1977","article-title":"Analysis of ochratoxin B alone and in the presence of Ochratoxin A, using carboxypeptidase A","volume":"33","author":"Hult","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.42.6.1051-1056.1981","article-title":"Formation of (4R)- and (4S)-4-hydroxyochratoxin A from Ochratoxin A by liver microsomes from various species","volume":"42","author":"Hansen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.45.4.1183-1187.1983","article-title":"Formation of (4R)- and (4S)-4-hydroxyochratoxin A and 10-hydroxyochratoxin A from Ochratoxin A by rabbit liver microsomes","volume":"45","author":"Storen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(99)00153-2","article-title":"Identification of Ochratoxins and some of their metabolites in bile and urine of rats","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1021\/tx9901074","article-title":"Oxidation of Ochratoxin A by an Fe-porphyrin system: Model for enzymatic activation and DNA cleavage","volume":"12","author":"Gillman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1021\/tx0255929","article-title":"Detection and characterization of a glutathione conjugate of Ochratoxin A","volume":"15","author":"Dai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0111817","article-title":"Metabolism and lack of DNA reactivity of the mycotoxin Ochratoxin A in cultured rat and human primary hepatocytes","volume":"50","author":"Weymann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00050a050","article-title":"Synthesis and structural elucidation of analogs of Ochratoxin A","volume":"43","author":"Xiao","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01972987","article-title":"The mycotoxin Ochratoxin A is a substrate for phenylalanine hydroxylase in isolated rat hepatocytes and in Vivo","volume":"64","author":"Creppy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.2478\/10004-1254-63-2012-2202","article-title":"Glutathione conjugates of ochratoxin A as biomarkers of exposure","volume":"63","author":"Tozlovanu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arh. Hig. Rada. Toksikol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200890049","article-title":"Formation of 2\u2032-deoxyguanosine-carbon 8-bound Ochratoxin A adduct in rat kidney DNA","volume":"53","author":"Gabryelski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1021\/tx200406c","article-title":"Structure\u2013activity relationships imply different mechanisms of action for Ochratoxin A-mediated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity","volume":"25","author":"Tozlovanu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5673","DOI":"10.1021\/jf801296z","article-title":"Identification and in vitro cytotoxicity of Ochratoxin A degradation products formed during coffee roasting","volume":"56","author":"Cramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-014-0218-y","article-title":"Structure elucidation and in vitro cytotoxicity of ochratoxin \u0391 amide, a new degradation product of Ochratoxin A","volume":"31","author":"Bittner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"817","article-title":"Analysis of Ochratoxins A and B and their esters in barley, using partition and thin-layer chromatography. I. Development of the method","volume":"56","author":"Nesheim","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"822","article-title":"Analysis of Ochratoxins A and B and their esters in barley, using partition and thin-layer chromatography. II. Collaborative study","volume":"56","author":"Nesheim","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"128","article-title":"A spectrophotometric procedure, using carboxypeptidase A, for quantitative measurement of Ochratoxin A","volume":"59","author":"Hult","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1165","article-title":"High pressure Iiquid chromatographic determination of Ochratoxin A and zearalenone in cereals","volume":"62","author":"Josefsson","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01042973","article-title":"Method for quantitative determination of Ochratoxin A in foods and feeds by high-pressure Liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Ger.)","volume":"170","author":"Schweighardt","year":"1980","journal-title":"Z. Lebensmittel. Untersuch. Forsch."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1039\/an9800500089","article-title":"Confirmation of Ochratoxin A by chemical derivatisation and high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"105","author":"Hunt","year":"1980","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1356","article-title":"Determination of aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, and zearalenone in mixed feeds, with detection by thin layer chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography","volume":"64","author":"Howell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"390","article-title":"A radioimmunoassay for Ochratoxin A: A preliminary investigation","volume":"83","author":"Aalund","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. C"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.41.6.1472-1474.1981","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Ochratoxin A","volume":"41","author":"Pestka","year":"1981","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)94330-4","article-title":"Measurement of Ochratoxin A in barley extracts by liquid\u2014Chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"391","author":"Abramson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/02652039109373968","article-title":"Plasma Ochratoxin A levels in three Swedish population surveyed using an ion pair HPLC technique","volume":"8","author":"Breitholtz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Food Add. Contam."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9673(92)85183-T","article-title":"Identification of Ochratoxin A in food samples by chemical derivatization and gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry","volume":"595","author":"Jiao","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/75.3.481","article-title":"Rapid solvent\u2014efficient for liquid chromatographic determination of Ochratoxin A in corn, barley and kidney: Collaborative Study","volume":"75","author":"Nesheim","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"159","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in livestock and human sera in Japan quantified by a sensitive ELISA","volume":"Volume 231","author":"Creppy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Human ochratoxicosis and Its Pathologies"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/80.5.941","article-title":"Application of immunoaffinity columns to mycotoxin analysis","volume":"80","author":"Scott","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(98)00594-9","article-title":"Column liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of Ochratoxin","volume":"818","author":"Becker","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/026520399283731","article-title":"Analysis of Ochratoxin A in pig kidney and rye flour using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC\/MS\/MS)","volume":"16","author":"Vahl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"62","article-title":"Analysis of Ochratoxin A in serum and urine of inhabitants from an area with Balkan endemic nephropathy: A one-month follow up study","volume":"10","author":"Castegnaro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Facta Univ. Ser. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.06.035","article-title":"Analysis of some breakfast cereals on the French market for their contents of Ochratoxin A, citrinin and fumonisin B1: Development of a method for simultaneous extraction of Ochratoxin A and citrinin","volume":"92","author":"Faucet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2004.00856.x","article-title":"Fluorescence polarization immunoassay based on a monoclonal antibody for the detection of OTA","volume":"39","author":"Shim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10456","DOI":"10.1021\/jf801957h","article-title":"Determination of Ochratoxin A with a DNA aptamer","volume":"56","author":"Penner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2010.505201","article-title":"Quantitative determination of mycotoxins in urine by LC-MS\/MS","volume":"27","author":"Ahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1039\/c0ja00009d","article-title":"Comparison of ICP-MS and photometric detection of an immunoassay for the determination of Ochratoxin a in wine","volume":"25","author":"Giesen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anal. At. Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2012.06.038","article-title":"A direct assessment of mycotoxin biomarkers in human urine samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"741","author":"Ediage","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.09.111","article-title":"Development of an automated flow-based electrochemical aptasensor for on-line detection of Ochratoxin A","volume":"176","author":"Rhouati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.02.038","article-title":"Multi-mycotoxins analysis in ginger and related products by UHPLC-FLR detection and LC-MS\/MS confirmation","volume":"43","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500220","article-title":"Biomonitoring using dried blood spots: Detection of Ochratoxin A and its degradation product 2\u2019R-ochratoxin A in blood from coffee drinkers","volume":"59","author":"Cramer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7020238","article-title":"Rapid multiple immunoenzyme assay of mycotoxins","volume":"7","author":"Urusov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.01.060","article-title":"Sensitive detection of Ochratoxin A in food and drinks using metal-enhanced fluorescence","volume":"57","author":"Todescato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.03.067","article-title":"Electrochemiluminescence biosensor for ultrasensitive determination of Ochratoxin A in corn samples based on aptamer and hyperbranched rolling circle amplification","volume":"70","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.03.046","article-title":"Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for Ochratoxin A detection in food samples","volume":"215","author":"Pacheco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7030812","article-title":"Detection of Ochratoxin A using molecular beacons and Real-time PCR thermal cycler","volume":"7","author":"Sanzani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"57","article-title":"Methods for determining Ochratoxin A and other nephrotoxic mycotoxins","volume":"Volume 115","author":"Castegnaro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumors"},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Paulsch, W.E., van Egmond, H.P., and Schuller, P.-L. (1982, January 1\u20133). Thin layer chromatographic method for analysis and chemical confirmation of Ochratoxin A in kidneys of pigs. Proceedings of the International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"957","article-title":"Determination of Ochratoxin A in animal feed and cereal grains by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection","volume":"69","author":"Cohen","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) (1990). Environmental Health Criteria, World Health Organization. No. 105, 27."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"71","article-title":"Use of monoclonal antibodies, enzyme\u2013linked immunosorbent assay and immunoaffinity column chromatography to determine Ochratoxin A in porcine sera, coffee products and toxin-producing fungi","volume":"Volume 115","author":"Castegnaro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumors"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4347(94)00569-Q","article-title":"Determination of Ochratoxin A at the ppt level in human blood, serum, milk and some foodstuffs by high performance liquid chromatography with enhanced fluorescence detection and immunoaffinity column cleanup: Methodology and Swiss data","volume":"666","author":"Zimmerli","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5101827","article-title":"Comparison of clean-up methods for Ochratoxin A on wine, beer, roasted coffee and chilli commercialized in Italy","volume":"5","author":"Prelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201201055","article-title":"Molecularly imprinted polymer-based solid phase clean-up for analysis of Ochratoxin A in beer, red wine, and grape juice","volume":"36","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)00542-2","article-title":"Comparison of different immunoaffinity clean-up procedures for high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of Ochratoxin A in wines","volume":"888","author":"Castellari","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200500264","article-title":"Advantages and drawbacks of immunoaffinity columns in analysis of mycotoxins in food","volume":"50","author":"Castegnaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2010.485580","article-title":"Occurrence of Ochratoxin A and citrinin in Czech cereals and comparison of two HPLC methods for Ochratoxin A detection","volume":"27","author":"Polisenska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control. Expo Risk. Assess."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2081928","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in roasted coffee purchased in French super market. Transfer in coffee beverage: Comparison of several methods","volume":"2","author":"Tozlovanu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5122324","article-title":"Impact of pH on the stability and the cross-reactivity of Ochratoxin A and citrinin","volume":"5","author":"Bazin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(94)00150-M","article-title":"The occurrence of Ochratoxin A in coffee","volume":"33","author":"Dietrich","year":"1995","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"ISO (1989). Enviromental Management Systems\u2014Requirements with Guidance for Use, International Organisation for Standardisation. EN ISO 45001:1989."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"ISO (2005). General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories, International Organisation for Standardisation. ISO\/IEC 17025:2005."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2011.11.039","article-title":"A simple and rapid biosensor for Ochratoxin A based on a structure-switching signalling aptamer","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"245","article-title":"Enzymo-immunological assay of the mycotoxin Ochratoxin A (in Czech)","volume":"36","author":"Ruprich","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.07.029","article-title":"Development of a microcantilever-based immunosensing method for mycotoxin detection","volume":"40","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2008.11.010","article-title":"Analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins: A review","volume":"632","author":"Turner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.12.030","article-title":"Structure-activity relationships for the fluorescence of ochratoxin A: Insight for detection of ochratoxin A metabolites","volume":"617","author":"Frennette","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1021\/jf304729f","article-title":"Rapid method for the determination of multiple mycotoxins in wines and beers using a stable isotope dilution assay","volume":"61","author":"Banaszewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.31.6.831-835.1976","article-title":"Production of antibody against Ochratoxin A","volume":"31","author":"Chu","year":"1976","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.50.2.529-531.1985","article-title":"Radioimmunoassay of Ochratoxin A in barley","volume":"50","author":"Rousseau","year":"1985","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00071a025","article-title":"Solid phase radioimmunoassay of Ochratoxin A in serum","volume":"34","author":"Rousseau","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/02652039009373889","article-title":"A survey of cereals, cereals products, feedstuffs and porcine kidney by radioimmunoassay","volume":"7","author":"Fukal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"316","article-title":"Spontaneous occurrence of Ochratoxin A residues in Czechoslovak slaughter pigs determined by radioimmunoassay","volume":"87","author":"Fukal","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dtsch. Lebensm. Rundsch."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins4040244","article-title":"Immunochemical methods for Ochratoxin A detection: A review","volume":"4","author":"Meulenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"353","article-title":"Analysis of mycotoxins with capillary electrophoresis","volume":"3","author":"Maragos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin. Food Anal."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02688099","article-title":"Analysis of selected mycotoxins by capillary electrophoresis","volume":"41","author":"Seidel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1021\/jf971081u","article-title":"Capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence: Method for the mycotoxin Ochratoxin A","volume":"46","author":"Corneli","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00057a007","article-title":"Qualitative analysis of mycotoxins using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography","volume":"65","author":"Holland","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.199518121","article-title":"Molecular imprinting in cross-linked materials with the aid of molecular templates\u2014A way towards artificial antibodies","volume":"34","author":"Wulff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"De Koe, W.J., Samson, R.A., van Egmond, H.P., Gilbert, J., and Sabino, M. (2001). Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins Perspective at the Turn of the Millennium, Publisher."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2061536","article-title":"Molecularly imprinted polymers for Ochratoxin A extraction and analysis","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1021\/ac048957y","article-title":"Array biosensor for detection of Ochratoxin A in cereals and beverages","volume":"77","author":"Ngundi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-4146-1","article-title":"Electrochemiluminescent aptamer biosensor for the determination of Ochratoxin A at a gold-nanoparticles-modified gold electrode using N-(aminobutyl)-N-ethylisoluminol as a luminescent label","volume":"398","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.11.006","article-title":"Analytical applications of aptamers","volume":"20","author":"Tombelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.12.036","article-title":"An electrochemical competitive biosensor for Ochratoxin A based on a DNA biotinylated aptamer","volume":"26","author":"Bonel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1128\/am.17.5.765-766.1969","article-title":"Ochratoxin A: Occurrence as natural contaminant of a corn sample","volume":"17","author":"Shotwell","year":"1969","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.4141\/cjps70-108","article-title":"Occurrence of a mycotoxin, Ochratoxin A, in wheat and isolation of Ochratoxin A and citrinin producing strains of Penicillium viridicatum","volume":"50","author":"Scott","year":"1970","journal-title":"Canad. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60184a010","article-title":"Mycotoxins (Ochratoxin A, citrinin, and sterigmatocystin) and toxigenic fungi in grains and agricultural products","volume":"20","author":"Scott","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"Hald, B., and Krogh, P. (1972, January 21\u201322). Ochratoxin residues in bacon pigs. Proceedings of the IUPAC: Symposium on the Control of Mycotoxins, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1039\/an9790401171","article-title":"Determination of ochratoxin A in pig\u2019s kidney using enzymatic digestion, dialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization","volume":"104","author":"Hunt","year":"1979","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3608","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7093608","article-title":"Ochratoxin A dietary exposure of ten population groups in the Czech Republic: Comparison with data over the world","volume":"7","author":"Ostry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"European Union Assessment of Dietary Intake of Ochratoxin A by the Population of EU Member States. Report of Experts Participating in Task 3.2.7 Reports on Tasks for Scientific Cooperation. Available online: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/fs\/scoop\/index_en.html."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"RASFF Portal. Available online: https:\/\/webgate.ec.europa.eu\/rasffwindow\/portal\/?event=SearchForm&cleanSearch=1."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2004). Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in Food Chain on a request from the Commission related to Ochratoxin A (OTA) as undesirable substance in animal feed. EFSA J., 101, 1\u201336.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2004.101"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030500309368","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in human kidney diseases","volume":"22","author":"Fuchs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719501400710","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in human blood in relation to nephropathy in Tunisia","volume":"14","author":"Maaroufi","year":"1995a","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(03)00067-X","article-title":"New data on the occurrence of Ochratoxin A in human sera from patients affected or not by renal diseases in Tunisia","volume":"41","author":"Grosso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719801700207","article-title":"Human ochratoxicosis and nephropathy in Egypt: A preliminary study","volume":"17","author":"Wafa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (1965). Memorandum. The Endemic Nephropathy of South-eastern Europe. Bull. World Health Organ., 32, 441\u2013448."},{"key":"ref_153","unstructured":"Castegnaro, M., Plestina, R., Dirheimer, G., Chernozemsky, I.N., and Bartsch, H. (1991). Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours, IARC."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"1","article-title":"Balkan nephropathy. Kidney disease beyond the Balkans?","volume":"11","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(92)90030-O","article-title":"Some features of Balkan endemic nephropathy","volume":"30","author":"Plestina","year":"1992","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"Akhmeteli, M.A. (1972, January 9\u201312). Epidemiology of endemic nephropathy. Endemic Nephropathy, Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Endemic Nephropathy, Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria."},{"key":"ref_157","unstructured":"Krogh, P. (1972, January 9\u201312). Mycotoxic porcine nephropathy\u2014A possible model for Balkan (endemic) nephropathy. Endemic Nephropathy, Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Endemic Nephropathy, Sofia, Bulgaria."},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"172","article-title":"The toxicity of Ochratoxin A to ruminants","volume":"42","author":"Ribelin","year":"1978","journal-title":"Can. J. Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"3608","article-title":"Endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in the Balkans","volume":"47","author":"Castegnaro","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"245","article-title":"Alteration in calcium homeostasis as a possible cause of Ochratoxin A nephrotoxicity","volume":"Volume 115","author":"Castegnaro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumors"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(92)90033-H","article-title":"Pathomorphology of Balkan endemic nephropathy","volume":"30","author":"Vukelic","year":"1992","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)39445-0","article-title":"Mechanism of Ochratoxin A-induced reduction of glomerular filtration rate in rats","volume":"267","author":"Gekle","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"40","article-title":"The role of proximal tubule in Ochratoxin A nephrotoxicity in vivo: Toxodynamic and toxokinetic aspects","volume":"17","author":"Gekle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Renal Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"205","article-title":"Experimental ochratoxicosis A in chickens. Histopatological and histochemical study","volume":"34","author":"Kozaczynski","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Vet. Pol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)12063-6","article-title":"Time and concentration-dependent biphasic efect of Ochratoxin A on growth of proximal tubular cells in primary culture","volume":"275","author":"Gekle","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exper. Ther."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1159\/000174080","article-title":"Renal toxicodynamics of Ochratoxin A: A pathophysiological approach","volume":"19","author":"Gekle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Blood. Press Res."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240050412","article-title":"Ochratoxin A disturbs pH homeostasis in the kidney: Increases in pH and HCO 3\u2014In the tubules and vasa recta","volume":"434","author":"Kuramochi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"281","article-title":"Significance of apoptosis and its relationship to antioxidants after Ochratoxin A administration in mice","volume":"3","author":"Atroshi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1159\/000187411","article-title":"Acute renal failure from inhalation of mycotoxins","volume":"64","author":"Guarnieri","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"181","article-title":"Is Ochratoxin A nephrotoxic in human beings?","volume":"26","author":"Godin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Nephrol. Necker Hosp."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007662101880","article-title":"The nephrotoxin Ochratoxin A induces apoptosis in cultured human proximal tubule cells","volume":"15","author":"Schwerdt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1021\/tx049651p","article-title":"Functional, biochemical, and pathological effects of repeated oral administration of Ochratoxin A to Rats","volume":"18","author":"Mally","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200400062","article-title":"Ochratoxin A at nanomolar concentrations: A signal modulator in renal cells","volume":"49","author":"Gekle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.12.008","article-title":"Long-term effects of Ochratoxin A on fibrosis and cell death in human proximal tubule or fibroblast cells in primary culture","volume":"232","author":"Schwerdt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2061428","article-title":"Ochratoxin A: In utero exposure in mice induces adducts in testicular DNA","volume":"2","author":"Tozlovanu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6010371","article-title":"A review of the evidence that Ochratoxin A is an Nrf2 inhibitor: Implications for nephrotoxicity and renal carcinogenicity","volume":"6","author":"Limonciel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"599","article-title":"Induction of renal and hepatic tumors in mice by Ochratoxin A, a mycotoxin","volume":"69","author":"Kanisawa","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gann"},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"733","article-title":"Ochratoxin A carcinogenesis in the (C57B1\/6J \u00d7 C3H) F1 mouse","volume":"75","author":"Bendele","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Nat. Cancer Int."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"245","article-title":"Synergistic effect of citrinin on hepatorenal carcinogenesis of Ochratoxin A in mice","volume":"7","author":"Kanisawa","year":"1984","journal-title":"Dev. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_180","unstructured":"IARC (1987). Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs, IARC."},{"key":"ref_181","unstructured":"Boorman, G. (1989). NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Ochratoxin A (CAS No. 30-47-9) in F344\/N Rats (Gavage Studies), NIH Publication No. 89-2813, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health."},{"key":"ref_182","unstructured":"Dirheimer, G., and Creppy, E.E. (1991). Mechanism of Action of Ochratoxin A, IARC Sci. Publ."},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"245","article-title":"DNA adducts formation in mice treated with Ochratoxin A","volume":"Volume 115","author":"Castegnaro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumors"},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"177","article-title":"Is the oxydative pathway implicated in the genotoxicity of ochratoxin A?","volume":"231","author":"Grosse","year":"1993","journal-title":"Human ochratoxicosis and related pathologies"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(93)90077-S","article-title":"Differential DNA adduct formation and disappearance in three mouse tissues after treatment with the mycotoxin Ochratoxin A","volume":"289","author":"Grosse","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_186","unstructured":"Phillips, D.H., Castegnaro, M., and Bartsch, H. (1993). Ochratoxin A Related DNA Adducts in Urinary Tract Tumours of Bulgarian Subjects, IARC Sci. Publ."},{"key":"ref_187","first-page":"21","article-title":"Genotoxicity of Ochratoxin A, relation to renal tumors","volume":"71","author":"Maaroufi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(97)83165-X","article-title":"Evidence that DNA adducts in some human kidney tumours in France are related to Ochratoxin A","volume":"379","author":"Pinelli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(01)00188-7","article-title":"Analyses of DNA adducts formed by Ochratoxin A and aristolochic acid in patients with Chinese herbs nephropathy","volume":"494","author":"Arlt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1021\/tx049877s","article-title":"Evidence for covalent DNA adduction by Ochratoxin A following chronic exposure to rat and subacute exposure to pig","volume":"17","author":"Faucet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"57","article-title":"MESNA protects rats against nephro-toxicity but not carcinogenicity induced by Ochratoxin A, implicating two separate pathways","volume":"9","author":"Bartsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Facta Univ. Ser. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2280(1998)32:2<155::AID-EM11>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Formation of DNA adducts in tissues of mouse progeny through transplacental contamination and\/or lactation after administration of a single dose of Ochratoxin A to the pregnant mother","volume":"32","author":"Stoichev","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(00)00169-1","article-title":"In vitro DNA and dGMP adducts formation caused by Ochratoxin A","volume":"127","author":"Dirheimer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-001-0289-3","article-title":"Horseradish peroxidase mediates DNA and deoxyguanosine 3\u2032-monophosphate adduct formation in the presence of Ochratoxin A","volume":"75","author":"Dirheimer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030500309400","article-title":"Further arguments in favour of direct covalent binding of Ochratoxin A (OTA) after metabolic biotransformation","volume":"22","author":"Castegnaro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00507-X","article-title":"Oxidative damage and stress response from Ochratoxin A exposure in rats","volume":"30","author":"Gautier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_197","first-page":"111","article-title":"Analysis for DNA adducts, Ochratoxin A content and enzymes expression in kidneys of pigs exposed to mild experimental chronic ochratoxicosis","volume":"10","author":"Faucet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Facta Univ. Ser. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013973715289","article-title":"Hypothesis: Does OTA cause induces testicular cancer","volume":"13","author":"Schwartz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_199","first-page":"217","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to Ochratoxin A causes DNA adducts in the testes of newborn mice","volume":"1","author":"Schwartz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2102337","article-title":"Response to comments of Peter G. Mantle","volume":"2","author":"Schwartz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1021\/tx900295a","article-title":"Structures of covalent adducts between DNA and Ochratoxin A: A new factor in debate about genotoxicity and human risk assessment","volume":"23","author":"Mantle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"77","article-title":"Toxic effects of co-contamination of Ochratoxin A and citrinin","volume":"35","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2008-1001.ch003","article-title":"Combined toxic effects of Ochratoxin A and citrinin, in vitro and in vivo","volume":"Volume 1001","author":"Siantar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Contaminats Mycotoxins & Food Allergen"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1021\/tx034188m","article-title":"Ochratoxin A: Lack of formation of covalent DNA adducts","volume":"17","author":"Mally","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440490265210","article-title":"Chemically induced renal tubule tumors in the laboratory rat and mouse: Review of the NCI\/NTP database and categorization of renal carcinogens based on mechanistic information","volume":"34","author":"Lock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030500358431","article-title":"Renal tumourigenesis in male rats in response to chronic dietary Ochratoxin A","volume":"22","author":"Mantle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2010.502302","article-title":"Lifetime, low-dose Ochratoxin A dietary study on renal carcinogenesis in male Fischer rats","volume":"27","author":"Mantle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control. Expo Risk. Assess."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1021\/tx050070p","article-title":"Case for the genotoxicity of Ochratoxin A by bioactivation and covalent DNA adduction","volume":"18","author":"Manderville","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1021\/tx200430f","article-title":"An update on direct genotoxicity as a molecular mechanism of Ochratoxin A carcinogenicity","volume":"25","author":"Manderville","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2006001200006","article-title":"DNA damage by Ochratoxin A in rat kidney assessed by the alkaline comet assay","volume":"39","author":"Zeljezic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2007.05.001","article-title":"DNA ploidy distribution in renal tumours induced in male rats by dietary Ochratoxin A","volume":"59","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1021\/tx700027j","article-title":"Ochratoxin A-induced mutagenesis in mammalian cells is consistent with the production of oxidative stress","volume":"20","author":"Palma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700276","article-title":"Absence of 2\u2032-deoxyguanosine-carbon 8-bound Ochratoxin A adduct in rat kidney DNA monitored by isotope dilution LC-MS\/MS","volume":"52","author":"Delatour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2008.x039","article-title":"Bioactivation and DNA adduction as a rationale for Ochratoxin A carcinogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Manderville","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Mycotoxin J."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200800149","article-title":"Mycotoxins and the kidney: Modes of action for renal tumor formation by Ochratoxin A in rodents","volume":"53","author":"Mally","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2040649","article-title":"Studies on carcinogenic and toxic effects of Ochratoxin A in chicks","volume":"2","author":"Stoev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr139","article-title":"Site-specific in vivo mutagenicity in the kidney of gpt delta rats given a carcinogenic dose of Ochratoxin A","volume":"122","author":"Hibi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins4040267","article-title":"Mutagenicity of Ochratoxin A and its hydroquinone metabolite in the SupF gene of the mutation reporter plasmid Ps189","volume":"4","author":"Akman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15524","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.242606799","article-title":"Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphotic leukemia","volume":"99","author":"Calin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307323101","article-title":"Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers","volume":"101","author":"Calin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201200456","article-title":"Cross-talk between microRNAs, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2, and heme oxygenase-1 in ochratoxin A-induced toxic effects in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"57","author":"Stachurska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2014.07.012","article-title":"Role of microRNA-29b in the ochratoxin A-induced enhanced collagen formation in human kidney cells","volume":"324","author":"Hennemeier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2014.10.006","article-title":"Low doses of Ochratoxin A induce micronucleus formation and delay DNA repair in human lymphocytes","volume":"74","author":"Sordo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.08.030","article-title":"Ochratoxin A induces rat renal carcinogenicity with limited induction of oxidative stress responses","volume":"280","author":"Qi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_225","unstructured":"IARC (1976). Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks of Chemicals to Man: Some Naturally Occurring Substances, IARC."},{"key":"ref_226","unstructured":"IARC (1983). Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks of Chemicals to Humans: Some Food Additives, Feed Additives and Naturally Occurring Substances, IARC."},{"key":"ref_227","unstructured":"IARC. Available online: http:\/\/monographs.iarc.fr\/ENG\/Preamble\/CurrentPreamble.pdf."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2011.1295","article-title":"Tools for investigating workplace-related risks from mycotoxin exposure","volume":"4","author":"Degen","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Mycotoxin J."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00317010","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in human blood and Balkan Endemic Nephropathy","volume":"51","author":"Hult","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2011.1292","article-title":"The current state of mycotoxin biomarker development in humans and animals and the potential for application to plant systems","volume":"4","author":"Baldwin","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Mycotoxin J."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1017\/S095442241200008X","article-title":"The role of biomarkers in evaluating human health concerns from fungal contaminants in food","volume":"25","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2010.529103","article-title":"Human Ochratoxin A biomarkers\u2014from exposure to effect","volume":"41","author":"Duarte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soto, J., Ruiz, M., Manyes, L., and Juan-Garc\u00eda, A. (2015). Blood, breast milk and urine: Potential biomarkers of exposure and estimated daily intake of Ochratoxin A: A review. Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control. Expo Risk. Assess., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2015.1118160"},{"key":"ref_234","first-page":"32","article-title":"Ochratoxin A and Balkan endemic nephropathy. IV. Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in humans","volume":"35","author":"Hult","year":"1979","journal-title":"Chem. Rundschau"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030500410315","article-title":"Biomarkers of human exposure to Ochratoxin A","volume":"22","author":"Scott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030110070030","article-title":"Assessment of dietary exposure to Ochratoxin A in the UK using a duplicate diet approach and analysis of urine and plasma samples","volume":"18","author":"Gilbert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200500182","article-title":"Balkan Endemic Nephropathy: Role of ochratoxins A through biomarkers","volume":"50","author":"Castegnaro","year":"2006b","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_238","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative genotoxicity of Ochratoxin A and aristolochic acid in human kidney cells: Interpretation of ongoing analyses of food, blood, urine and kidney tissue from Serbia","volume":"30","author":"Tozlovanu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Coll. Antropol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_239","first-page":"837","article-title":"Exposure of infants to Ochratoxin A with breast milk","volume":"88","author":"Blaszkewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201400403","article-title":"Biomonitoring of Ochratoxin A in blood plasma and exposure assessment of adult students in Bangladesh","volume":"58","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_241","first-page":"159","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in human blood in European countries","volume":"Volume 115","author":"Castegnaro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1987.tb00442.x","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in the food chain (Ger)","volume":"B34","author":"Bauer","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/02652038809373707","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in human blood in relation to Balkan Endemic Nephropathy and urinary system tumours in Bulgaria","volume":"5","author":"Chernozemsky","year":"1988","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_244","first-page":"159","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in human blood in relation to endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumors in Bulgaria","volume":"Volume 115","author":"Castegnaro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours"},{"key":"ref_245","first-page":"153","article-title":"Possible sources of Ochratoxin A in human blood","volume":"Volume 115","author":"Castegnaro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours"},{"key":"ref_246","unstructured":"Fuchs, R., Radic, B., Ceovic, S., Sostaric, B., and Hult, K. (1991). Human Exposure to Ochratoxin A, IARC Sci Publ."},{"key":"ref_247","first-page":"1079","article-title":"Vorkommen von Ochratoxin A beim menschen in Deutschland","volume":"73","author":"Hadlok","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fleischwirtsch"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01701213","article-title":"Monitoring of aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Czechoslovak human sera by immunoassay","volume":"44","author":"Fukal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_249","unstructured":"Creppy, E.E., Betbeder, A.M., Gharbi, A., Counord, J., Castegnaro, M., Bartsch, H., Moncharmont, P., Fouillet, B., Chambon, P., and Dirheimer, G. (1991). Human Ochratoxicosis in France, IARC Sci. Publ."},{"key":"ref_250","first-page":"86","article-title":"Health risk assessment of the mycotoxin Ochratoxin A to humans: Czech Republic\u2013Brno\u20131991\/92","volume":"1","author":"Ruprich","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_251","first-page":"147","article-title":"Etude de l\u00b4ochratoxicose humaine dans trois regions de France: Alsace, Aquitaine, et region Rhone\u2014Alpes","volume":"Volume 231","author":"Creppy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Human Ochratoxicosis and Its Pathologies"},{"key":"ref_252","first-page":"281","article-title":"Ochratoxin A","volume":"Volume 47","author":"Benford","year":"2001","journal-title":"Safety Evaluation of Certain Mycotoxins in Food, Proceedings of the 56th Meeting of the Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620020605","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in human serum samples collected in southern Italy from healthy individuals and individuals suffering from different kidney disorders","volume":"2","author":"Minervini","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat. Toxins"},{"key":"ref_254","first-page":"393","article-title":"Detection of Ochratoxin A in human blood and colostrum","volume":"43","author":"Kovacs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_255","first-page":"265","article-title":"Serum levels of Ochratoxin A in healthy adults in Tuscany: Correlation with individual characteristics and between repeat measurements","volume":"8","author":"Palli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/21.1.44","article-title":"Ochratoxin A content of human sera determined by a sensitive ELISA","volume":"21","author":"Solti","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_257","first-page":"49","article-title":"Ochratoxin A\u2014Toxicological importance, exposure of humans and health risk","volume":"43","author":"Malir","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hygiena"},{"key":"ref_258","first-page":"39","article-title":"A Study of the accumulation of Ochratoxin A in patients with Chronic Renal Insufficiency (CHRI) in the Czech Republic","volume":"17","author":"Malir","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_259","first-page":"261","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in the Czech Republic","volume":"20","author":"Malir","year":"2001b","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200500175","article-title":"Monitoring the mycotoxins in food and their biomarkers in the Czech Republic","volume":"50","author":"Malir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_261","first-page":"479","article-title":"Exposure to Ochratoxin A in Europe: Comparison with a region of northern Spain","volume":"17","author":"Jimenez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_262","first-page":"19","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in human plasma: New data of exposition in Spain","volume":"18","author":"Jimenez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03543714","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in the sera of blood donors and ill persons","volume":"25","author":"Tapai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cereal Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_264","first-page":"263","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in blood of healthy population in Zagreb","volume":"50","author":"Domijan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(99)00141-1","article-title":"The Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in blood in general population of Croatia","volume":"110","author":"Peraica","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040100258","article-title":"Variations of Ochratoxin A concentration in the blood of healthy populations in some Croatian cities","volume":"75","author":"Peraica","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(01)00080-1","article-title":"Levels of Ochratoxin A in blood from Norwegian and Swedish blood donors and their possible correlation with food consumption","volume":"39","author":"Thuvander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_268","first-page":"104","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in human serum","volume":"51","author":"Rohrmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Lebensm."},{"key":"ref_269","first-page":"181","article-title":"Assessment of human exposure to Ochratoxin A in the UK-relationship between dietary intake and plasma and urine levels","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Samson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins in Perspective at the Turn of the Millennium"},{"key":"ref_270","first-page":"73","article-title":"Levels of Ochratoxin A and IgG against conidia of Penicillium verrucosum in blood samples from healthy farm workers","volume":"10","author":"Skaug","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.10.012","article-title":"Levels of Ochratoxin A in serum from urban and rural Portuguese populations and estimation of exposure degree","volume":"46","author":"Lino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02946020","article-title":"The level of Ochratoxin A in patients after nephrectomy","volume":"23","author":"Grajewski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_273","unstructured":"Malir, F., Roubal, T., Brndiar, M., Kacerovsky, J., Pacovsky, J., Moravek, P., Melichar, B., Malirova, E., and Cerna, M. (2008, January 9\u201310). The monitoring mycotoxins and their potential impact on human health: Ochratoxin A. (in Czech). Proceedings of the 4. Seminary with International Participation. Mykotox\u00edny 2008, Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2010.487876","article-title":"Ochratoxin A levels in the plasma of healthy blood donors from Valencia and estimation of exposure degree: Comparison with previous national Spanish data","volume":"27","author":"Medina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control. Expo Risk. Assess."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.09.005","article-title":"Assessment of the exposure to Ochratoxin A in the province of Lleida, Spain","volume":"47","author":"Coronel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_276","first-page":"2623","article-title":"Simultaneous analysis of Ochratoxin A and its major metabolite ochratoxin alpha in plasma and urine for an advanced biomonitoring of the mycotoxin","volume":"878","author":"Blaszkewicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.07.045","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in adult population of Lleida, Spain: Presence in blood plasma and consumption in different regions and seasons","volume":"49","author":"Coronel","year":"2011a","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_278","first-page":"851","article-title":"Plasma Ochratoxin A levels, food consumption, and risk biomarkers of a representative sample of men and women from the Molise region in Italy","volume":"51","author":"Bertuzzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.3109\/1354750X.2013.845609","article-title":"Ochratoxin A levels in blood serum of Czech women in the first trimester of pregnancy and its correspondence with dietary intake of the mycotoxin contaminant","volume":"18","author":"Malir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.09.010","article-title":"A comparison of ELISA and HPLC methods for determination of Ochratoxin A in human blood serum in the Czech Republic","volume":"62","author":"Dohnal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_281","first-page":"123","article-title":"Ochratoxicoses humaines en Algerie","volume":"Volume 231","author":"Creppy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Human Ochratoxicosis and Its Pathologies"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040050211","article-title":"Foodstuffs and human blood contamination by the mycotoxin Ochratoxin A: Correlation with chronic interstitial nephropathy in Tunisia","volume":"69","author":"Maaroufi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/13590849961799","article-title":"Intake of aflatoxins and ochratoxins by infants in Sierra Leone: Possible effects on the general health of these hildren","volume":"9","author":"Jonsyn","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327102ht249oa","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in human plasma in Morocco: A preliminary survey","volume":"21","author":"Filali","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327103ht328oa","article-title":"Ochratoxin A and human chronic nephropathy in Tunisia: Is the situation endemic?","volume":"22","author":"Abid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.02.027","article-title":"Ochratoxin A and \u03b22-microglobulinuria in healthy individuals and in Chronic Interstitial Nephropathy patients in the centre of Tunisia: A hot spot of Ochratoxin A exposure","volume":"199","author":"Hassen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.03.001","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in human blood in Abidjan, C\u00f4te D'ivoire","volume":"47","author":"Moukha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_288","first-page":"631","article-title":"Serum levels of Ochratoxin A in healthy subjects and in nephropathic patients in Tunisia","volume":"66","author":"Ghali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris)"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2009.07.005","article-title":"Estimation of Ochratoxin A in human blood of healthy Tunisian population","volume":"62","author":"Karima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2010.05.001","article-title":"Presence of Ochratoxin A in Tunisian blood nephropathy patients. Exposure level to OTA","volume":"63","author":"Zaied","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2010.11.006","article-title":"Ochratoxin A levels in human serum and foods from nephropathy patients in Tunisia: Where are you now?","volume":"64","author":"Ghali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(98)00004-0","article-title":"A 4-year study of plasma Ochratoxin A in a selected population in Tokyo by immunoassay and immunoaffinity column-linked HPLC","volume":"36","author":"Ueno","year":"1998","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327104ht481oa","article-title":"Ochratoxin A levels in human plasma and foods in Lebanon","volume":"23","author":"Assaf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2006.07.242","article-title":"Ochratoxin A blood concentration in healthy subjects and bladder cancer cases from Pakistan","volume":"164","author":"Aslam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(00)00291-5","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in human serum samples collected in Isparta-Turkey from healthy Individuals and individuals suffering from different urinary disorders","volume":"121","author":"Soysal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.10.002","article-title":"Determination of seasonal variations in serum Ochratoxin A levels in healthy population living in some regions of Turkey by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent assay","volume":"55","author":"Giray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-014-0744-6","article-title":"The effects of season and gender on the serum aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A levels of healthy adult subjects from the Central Anatolia Region, Turkey","volume":"54","author":"Sabuncuoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_298","unstructured":"Creppy, E.E., Castegnaro, M., and Dirheimer, G. (1993). Human Ochratoxicosis and Its Pathologies, INSERM\/John Libbey Eurotext."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/02652039809374681","article-title":"Survey of Canadian human blood plasma for Ochratoxin A","volume":"15","author":"Scott","year":"1998","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.06.008","article-title":"Preliminary study of Ochratoxin A in human plasma in agricultural zones of Chile and its relation to food consumption","volume":"44","author":"Vega","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_301","first-page":"168","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in human plasma and coffee from Costa Rica by ELISA","volume":"57","author":"Guzman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Latinoam. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030701613709","article-title":"Survey of Argentinean human plasma for Ochratoxin A","volume":"25","author":"Pacin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control. Expo Risk. Assess."},{"key":"ref_303","first-page":"165","article-title":"Concentrations of Ochratoxin A in the urine of endemic nephropathy patients and controls in Bulgaria: Lack of detection of 4-hydroxyochratoxin A","volume":"Volume 115","author":"Castegnaro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours"},{"key":"ref_304","unstructured":"Ostry, V., Skarkova, J., Kavrik, R., and Ruprich, J. (2010, January 14\u201316). An occurrence of Ochratoxin A and aflatoxin M1 biomarkers in human urine. Proceedings of the 32th Mycotoxin Workshop, Lyngby, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_305","unstructured":"Ostry, V., Skarkova, J., Malir, F., and Ruprich, J. (2010, January 14\u201315). An occurrence of Ochratoxin A, a biomarker of dietary exposure, in human biological materials. Proceedings of the 6. Seminary with International Participation. Mykotox\u00edny 2010, Prague, VSCHT."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.04.012","article-title":"New insights into the human metabolism of the fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone","volume":"220","author":"Warth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-7011-1","article-title":"LC-MS\/MS-based multibiomarker approaches for the assessment of human exposure to mycotoxins","volume":"405","author":"Warth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.6255","article-title":"Development and validation of a rapid multi-biomarker liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry method to assess human exposure to mycotoxins","volume":"26","author":"Warth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.04.002","article-title":"Multimycotoxin analysis in urines to assess infant exposure: A case study in Cameroon","volume":"57\u201358","author":"Ediage","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011950512675","article-title":"Seasonal variation in exposure frequency and concentration levels of aflatoxins and ochratoxins in urine samples of boys and girls","volume":"152","author":"Jonsyn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2003.10.003","article-title":"Two different clean-up procedures for liquid chromatographic determination of Ochratoxin A in urine","volume":"798","author":"Domijan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.53.2005.1.4","article-title":"Ochratoxin A content of urine samples of healthy humans in Hungary","volume":"53","author":"Fazekas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.04.017","article-title":"Estimation of Ochratoxin A in Portuguese population: New data on the occurrence in human urine by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection","volume":"44","author":"Pena","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.02.014","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in the morning and afternoon portions of urine from Coimbra and Valencian populations","volume":"51","author":"Manique","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030903107914","article-title":"Ochratoxin A exposure assessment of the inhabitants of Lisbon during winter 2007\/2008 through bread and urine analysis","volume":"26","author":"Duarte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control. Expo Risk. Assess."},{"key":"ref_316","first-page":"387","article-title":"Urine Ochratoxin A and sphinganine\/sphingosine ratio in residents of the Endemic nephropathy area in Croatia","volume":"60","author":"Domijan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.11.048","article-title":"Monitoring of Ochratoxin A exposure of the Portuguese population through a nationwide urine survey\u2014Winter 2007","volume":"408","author":"Duarte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.12.026","article-title":"Estimation of Ochratoxin A in some Turkish populations: An analysis in urine as a simple, sensitive and reliable biomarker","volume":"48","author":"Akdemir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.03.039","article-title":"Ochratoxin A and its metabolite Ochratoxin Alpha in urine and assessment of the exposure of inhabitants of Lleida, Spain","volume":"49","author":"Coronel","year":"2011b","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.06.030","article-title":"Rapid mycotoxin analysis in human urine: A pilot study","volume":"49","author":"Rubert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-5354-z","article-title":"Simultaneous LC\u2013MS\/MS determination of aflatoxin M1, Ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, de-epoxydeoxynivalenol, \u0391 and \u0392-zearalenols and fumonisin B1 in urine as a multi-biomarker method to assess exposure to mycotoxins","volume":"401","author":"Solfrizzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-011-0301-4","article-title":"Mycotoxin detection in urine samples from patients with chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology in Sri Lanka","volume":"87","author":"Desalegn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.12.001","article-title":"Determinants of Ochratoxin A exposure\u2014A One year follow-up study of urine levels","volume":"215","author":"Duarte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.09.030","article-title":"Urinary Ochratoxin A and ochratoxin alpha in pregnant women","volume":"50","author":"Klapec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.10.003","article-title":"Bio-monitoring of mycotoxin exposure in Cameroon using a urinary multi-biomarker approach","volume":"62","author":"Abia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.08.040","article-title":"Multiple mycotoxin exposure determined by urinary biomarkers in rural subsistence farmers in the former Transkei, South Africa","volume":"62","author":"Shephard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6020523","article-title":"Assessment of multi-mycotoxin exposure in Southern Italy by urinary multi-biomarker determination","volume":"6","author":"Solfrizzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2014.1707","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in food and urine: A nationwide Portuguese two-year study","volume":"8","author":"Duarte","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Mycotoxin J."},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-015-0223-9","article-title":"A Comparative study of the human urinary mycotoxin excretion patterns in Bangladesh, Germany, and Haiti using a rapid and sensitive LC-MS\/MS approach","volume":"31","author":"Gerding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gareis, M., Martlbauer, E., Bauer, J., and Gedek, B. (1988). Determination of Ochratoxin A in human milk. Proc. Jpn. Assoc. Mycotoxicol., 61\u201362.","DOI":"10.2520\/myco1975.1988.1Supplement_61"},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/76.4.842","article-title":"Ochratoxin A in cow\u2019s milk and in human milk with corresponding human blood samples","volume":"76","author":"Olsen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_332","first-page":"105","article-title":"Contamination of human milk with Ochratoxin A","volume":"Volume 115","author":"Castegnaro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours"},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030117740","article-title":"Presence of Ochratoxin A in human milk in relation to dietary intake","volume":"18","author":"Skaug","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/02652039509374314","article-title":"Evaluation of Ochratoxin A level in human milk in Italy","volume":"12","author":"Micco","year":"1995","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620030606","article-title":"Ochratoxin A levels in human milk and related food samples: An exposure assessment","volume":"3","author":"Miraglia","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Toxins"},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1998.tb00951.x","article-title":"Ochratoxin A: A naturally occurring mycotoxin found in human milk samples from Norway","volume":"87","author":"Skaug","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-004-0458-2","article-title":"Evaluation of xenobiotics in human milk and ingestion by the newborn","volume":"43","author":"Turconi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_338","first-page":"23","article-title":"Ochratoxin A and foetal blood and in maternal milk","volume":"57","author":"Postupolski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig."},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700266","article-title":"Maternal dietary habits and mycotoxin occurrence in human mature milk","volume":"52","author":"Galvano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_340","first-page":"276","article-title":"Results of the first studies of occurrence of Ochratoxin A in human milk in Slovakia","volume":"109","author":"Dostal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bratisl. Lek. Listy"},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-010-0130-y","article-title":"The presence of Ochratoxin A in cord serum and in human milk and its correspondence with maternal dietary habits","volume":"50","author":"Biasucci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1341442","article-title":"Zum vorkommen des mykotoxins Ochratoxin A in muttermilchproben aus Deutschland","volume":"75","author":"Wollin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gesundheitswesen"},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01102890","article-title":"Ochratoxin A and aflatoxins in breast milk samples from Sierra Leone","volume":"131","author":"Jonsyn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02946136","article-title":"Human exposure to mycotoxins in Egypt","volume":"18","author":"Soher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-005-2033-3","article-title":"Study of Ochratoxin A as an environmental risk that causes renal injury in breast-fed Egyptian infants","volume":"21","author":"Hassan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_346","first-page":"709","article-title":"The evaluation of Ochratoxin A in breast milk in Victoria (Australia)","volume":"149","author":"Apostolou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.06.498","article-title":"Ochratoxin A: Is it present in human breast milk samples obtained mothers from Ankara, Turkey","volume":"189","author":"Girgin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.12.009","article-title":"Occurrence of Ochratoxin A and aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk in Sari, Iran","volume":"31","author":"Afshar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehghan, P., Pakshir, K., Rafiei, H., Chadeganipour, M., and Akbari, M. (2014). Prevalence of Ochratoxin A in human milk in the Khorrambid Town, Fars province, South of Iran. Jundishapur J. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.11220"},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030500110550","article-title":"Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A in a human milk bank in the city of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"22","author":"Navas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-009-0040-0","article-title":"Exposure of neonates to Ochratoxin A: First biomonitoring results in human milk (colostrum) from Chile","volume":"26","author":"Campos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2013.06.049","article-title":"Simultaneous analysis of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and Ochratoxin A in breast milk by high-performance liquid chromatography\/fluorescence after liquid\u2013liquid extraction with low temperature purification (LLE\u2013LTP)","volume":"1304","author":"Andrade","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.12.014","article-title":"Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A in human milk in Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-SP, Brazil","volume":"40","author":"Iha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030903013278","article-title":"Health risk assessment of Ochratoxin A for all age-sex strata in a market economy","volume":"27","author":"Hilts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control. Expo Risk. Assess."},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3109\/1354750X.2012.692392","article-title":"Ochratoxin A exposure biomarkers in the Czech Republic and comparison with foreign countries","volume":"17","author":"Malir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref_356","unstructured":"Bauer, K., Gekle, M., and Silbernagl, S. (1994, January 16\u201318). Ochratoxin A and kidney. Proceedings of the 16th Mycotoxin Workshop Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Hohenheim, Germany."},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02954817","article-title":"Monitoring of mycotoxin biomarkers in the Czech Republic","volume":"21","author":"Ostry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_358","unstructured":"Vries, J.W., de Trucksess, M.W., and Jackson, L.S. (2002). Mycotoxins and Food Safety, Kluwer Academic\/ Plenum Publishers."},{"key":"ref_359","unstructured":"Worldwide Regulations for Mycotoxins in Food and Feed in 2003, FAO 2003. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/007\/y5499e\/y5499e00.htm#Contents."},{"key":"ref_360","first-page":"331","article-title":"Worldwide regulation for oxhratoxin A","volume":"Volume 115","author":"Castegnaro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumors"},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2010.497166","article-title":"Mycotoxin food and feed regulation and the specific case of Ochratoxin A: A review of the worldwide status","volume":"27","author":"Duarte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control. Expo Risk. Assess."},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-5-37","article-title":"Occurrence of mycotoxins in feed ingredients and complete feeds obtained from the Beijing region of China","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_363","unstructured":"Codex Allimentarius General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed, CODEX STAN 193\u20131995, 1995\u20132015."},{"key":"ref_364","unstructured":"Codex Allimentarius Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals Including Annexes on Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone, Fumonisins and Tricothecenes, CAC\/RCP 51-2003, 2003\u20132014."},{"key":"ref_365","unstructured":"Codex Allimentarius Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Ochratoxin A Contamination in Wine, CAC\/RCP 63-2007, 2007."},{"key":"ref_366","unstructured":"Codex Allimentarius Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Ochratoxin A Contamination in Coffee, CAC\/RCP 69-2009, 2009."},{"key":"ref_367","unstructured":"Codex Allimentarius Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Ochratoxin A Contamination in Cocoa, CAC\/RCP 72-2013, 2013."},{"key":"ref_368","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization\/World Health Organisation. 2007\u20132014. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/fao-whocodexalimentarius\/standards\/list-of-standards\/en."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_369.1","unstructured":"European Union (2002). Commission Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_369.2","unstructured":"(EC) No 472\/2002 of 12 March 2002 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs (Text with EEA relevance). Off. J. Eur. Union, L 75, 18-20."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_370.1","unstructured":"European Union (2001). Commission Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_370.2","unstructured":"(EC) No 466\/2001 of 8 March 2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs (Text with EEA relevance). Off. J. Eur. Union, L 77, 1-13."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_371.1","unstructured":"European Union (2006). Commission Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_371.2","unstructured":"(EC) No 1881\/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs (Text with EEA relevance). Off. J. Eur. Union, L364, 5-24."},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barug, D., Bhatnagar, D., Egmond, H.P., van Kamp, J.W., van der Osenbruggen, W.A., and Visconti, A. (2006). The Mycotoxin Factbook: Food & Feed Topics, Wageningen Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.3920\/978-90-8686-587-1"},{"key":"ref_373","unstructured":"European Unio (2006). Commission Recommendation No 2006\/576\/EC of 17 August 2006 on the presence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, Ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 and fumonisins in products intended for animal feeding, (Text with EEA relevance). Off. J. Eur. Union, C 229, 7\u20139."},{"key":"ref_374","unstructured":"Batt, C.A., and Tortello, M.L. (2014). Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_375","unstructured":"Buzby, J. (2003). International Trade and Food Safety, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service."},{"key":"ref_376","unstructured":"Wu, F. (2006, January November). A tale of two commodities: How EU mycotoxin regulations have hurt, or helped, food industries. Proceedings of the Fourth Conference, Cincinnati, OH, USA."},{"key":"ref_377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-007-1317-9","article-title":"Regulations relating to mycotoxins in food","volume":"389","author":"Schothorst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8040111","article-title":"Ochratoxin A: Molecular interactions, mechanisms of toxicity and prevention at the molecular level","volume":"8","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_379","unstructured":"Tozlovanu, M. (2008). Evaluation du Risque de Contamination Alimentaire en Mycotoxines N\u00e9phrotoxiques et Canc\u00e9rog\u00e8nes (nOtamment l\u2019Ochratoxine A): Validation de Biomarqueurs D\u2019exposition et d\u2019Effet. [Ph.D. Thesis, Undergraduate, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse]."},{"key":"ref_380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8040087","article-title":"Maternal-fetal cancer risk assessment of Ochratoxin A during pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Woo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxins"}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/8\/7\/191\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:25:23Z","timestamp":1760210723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/8\/7\/191"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,4]]},"references-count":383,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins8070191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins8070191","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,4]]}}}