{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:25:26Z","timestamp":1783704326848,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A), derived from Clostridium botulinum, has been used clinically for several diseases or syndrome including chronic migraine, spasticity, focal dystonia and other neuropathic pain. Chronic pelvic or bladder pain is the one of the core symptoms of bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis (BPS\/IC). However, in the field of urology, chronic bladder or pelvic pain is often difficult to eradicate by oral medications or bladder instillation therapy. We are looking for new treatment modality to improve bladder pain or associated urinary symptoms such as frequency and urgency for patients with BPS\/IC. Recent studies investigating the mechanism of the antinociceptive effects of BoNT A suggest that it can inhibit the release of peripheral neurotransmitters and inflammatory mediators from sensory nerves. In this review, we will examine the evidence supporting the use of BoNTs in bladder pain from basic science models and review the clinical studies on therapeutic applications of BoNT for BPS\/IC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8070201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T09:51:48Z","timestamp":1467366708000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Botulinum Toxin A for Bladder Pain Syndrome\/Interstitial Cystitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Chiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Ban Ciao, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huai-Ching","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiu-Dong","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Ban Ciao, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori","family":"Birder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine-Renal Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"},{"name":"Pharmacology &amp; Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.09.019","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria, classification, and nomenclature for painfulbladder syndrome\/interstitial cystitis: An ESSIC proposal","volume":"53","author":"Nordling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. 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