{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:31:42Z","timestamp":1787808702527,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]],"date-time":"2016-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous research has indicated that serotonergic and \u03b1-adrenergic receptors in peripheral vasculature are affected by exposure of cattle grazing toxic endophyte-infected (E+; Epichl\u00f6e coenophialia) tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum). The objective of this experiment was to determine the period of time necessary for the vascular effects of ergot alkaloids to subside. Two experiments were conducted to investigate changes in vascular contractile response and vasoconstriction over time relative to removal from an ergot alkaloid-containing E+ tall fescue pasture. In Experiment 1, lateral saphenous vein biopsies were conducted on 21 predominantly Angus steers (357 \u00b1 3 kg body weight) at 0 (n = 6), 7 (n = 6), 14 (n = 5), or 28 days (n = 4) after removal from grazing pasture (3.0 ha; endpoint ergovaline + ergovalinine = 1.35 mg\/kg DM) for 126 days. In Experiment 2, lateral saphenous veins were biopsied from 24 Angus-cross steers (361 \u00b1 4 kg body weight) at 0, 21, 42, and 63 days (n = 6 per time point) following removal from grazing tall fescue pastures (3.0 ha; first 88 days endpoint ergovaline + ergovalinine = 0.15 mg\/kg DM; last 18 days endpoint ergovaline + ergovalinine = 0.57 mg\/kg DM) for 106 total days. Six steers (370 \u00b1 18 kg body weight) off of bermudagrass pasture for the same time interval were also biopsied on Day 0 and Day 63 (n = 3 per time point). Additionally, in Experiment 2, cross-sectional ultrasound scans of caudal artery at the fourth coccygeal vertebra were taken on Days 0, 8, 15, 21, 29, 36, 42, and 45 to determine mean artery luminal area to evaluate vasoconstriction. In both experiments, steers were removed from pasture and housed in a dry lot and fed a corn silage diet for the duration of biopsies and ultrasound scans. Biopsied vessels used to evaluate vasoactivity were cleaned, incubated in a multimyograph, and exposed to increasing concentrations of 4-Bromo-3,6-dimethoxybenzocyclobuten-1-yl) methylamine hydrobromide (TCB2; 5HT2A agonist), guanfacine (GF; \u03b12A-adrenergic agonist), and (R)-(+)-m-nitrobiphenyline oxalate (NBP; \u03b12C-adrenergic agonist) in both experiments and ergovaline (ERV) and ergotamine (ERT) in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. In Experiment 1, days off pasture \u00d7 agonist concentration was not significant (p &gt; 0.1) for all four compounds tested. In Experiment 2, GF, NBP, TCB2 and ERT were significant for days off pasture \u00d7 agonist concentration interaction (p &lt; 0.02) and vasoactivity increased over time. Vasoactivity to agonists was reduced (p &lt; 0.05) when steers were initially removed from E+ tall fescue pasture compared to bermudagrass, but did not differ by Day 63 for any variable. Luminal areas of caudal arteries in steers grazed on E+ tall fescue relaxed and were similar to steers that had grazed bermudagrass for 36 days on non-toxic diet (p = 0.15). These data demonstrate changes in peripheral vasoactivity and recovery from vasoconstriction occur beyond five weeks off toxic pasture and 5HT2A receptors appear to be more dramatically affected in the lateral saphenous vein by grazing E+ tall fescue pasture than adrenergic receptors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8100271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]],"date-time":"2016-09-22T09:59:55Z","timestamp":1474538395000},"page":"271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Vasoactivity and Vasoconstriction Changes in Cattle Related to Time off Toxic Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Klotz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY 40546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen","family":"Aiken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY 40546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Bussard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Foote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Harmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Goff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Schrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Strickland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY 40546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3478","article-title":"Board-invited review: St. Anthony\u2019s fire in livestock: Causes, mechanisms, and potential solutions","volume":"89","author":"Strickland","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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