{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:11:06Z","timestamp":1790086266798,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,24]],"date-time":"2016-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["741-B6-125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["741-B6-125"]}]},{"name":"University of Virginia School of Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viperid snakebite envenomation is characterized by inflammatory events including increase in vascular permeability. A copious exudate is generated in tissue injected with venom, whose proteomics analysis has provided insights into the mechanisms of venom-induced tissue damage. Hereby it is reported that wound exudate itself has the ability to induce increase in vascular permeability in the skin of mice. Proteomics analysis of exudate revealed the presence of cytokines and chemokines, together with abundant damage associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) resulting from both proteolysis of extracellular matrix and cellular lysis. Moreover, significant differences in the amounts of cytokines\/chemokines and DAMPs were detected between exudates collected 1 h and 24 h after envenomation, thus highlighting a complex temporal dynamic in the composition of exudate. Pretreatment of mice with Eritoran, an antagonist of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), significantly reduced the exudate-induced increase in vascular permeability, thus suggesting that DAMPs might be acting through this receptor. It is hypothesized that an \u201cEnvenomation-induced DAMPs cycle of tissue damage\u201d may be operating in viperid snakebite envenomation through which venom-induced tissue damage generates a variety of DAMPs which may further expand tissue alterations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8120349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,24]],"date-time":"2016-11-24T10:19:15Z","timestamp":1479982755000},"page":"349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Viperid Envenomation Wound Exudate Contributes to Increased Vascular Permeability via a DAMPs\/TLR-4 Mediated Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Rucavado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiolog\u00eda Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501-2060, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Nicolau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Escalante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiolog\u00eda Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501-2060, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fine Chemistry &amp; New Materials, Sangji University, Wonju-si, Kangwon-do 220-702, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiolog\u00eda Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501-2060, Costa Rica"},{"name":"Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501-2060, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8385-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiolog\u00eda Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501-2060, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. 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