{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:15:08Z","timestamp":1790244908381,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]],"date-time":"2016-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","award":["MU845\/4-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MU845\/4-2"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), GRK1409","award":["C1 and A5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C1 and A5"]}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF)","award":["M\u00fcth2\/021\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M\u00fcth2\/021\/15"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), DZIF","award":["TTU 06.801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTU 06.801"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), IRMRESS","award":["03ZZ0805B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03ZZ0805B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shiga toxin (Stx) 2e of Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is the primary virulence factor in the development of pig edema disease shortly after weaning. Stx2e binds to the globo-series glycosphingolipids (GSLs) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer, Gal\u03b11-4Gal\u03b21-4Glc\u03b21-1Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer, GalNAc\u03b21-3Gal\u03b11-4Gal\u03b21-4Glc\u03b21-1Cer), the latter acting as the preferential Stx2e receptor. We determined Stx receptor profiles of 25 different tissues of a male and a female weaned piglet using immunochemical solid phase binding assays combined with mass spectrometry. All probed tissues harbored GSL receptors, ranging from high (category I) over moderate (category II) to low content (category III). Examples of Gb4Cer expression in category I tissues are small intestinal ileum, kidney pelvis and whole blood, followed by colon, small intestinal duodenum and jejunum belonging to category II, and kidney cortex, cerebrum and cerebellum as members of category III organs holding true for both genders. Dominant Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer lipoforms were those with ceramides carrying constant sphingosine (d18:1) and a variable C16:0, C22:0 or C24:1\/C24:0 fatty acid. From the mapping data, we created a topographical atlas for Stx2e receptors in piglet tissues and organs, which might be helpful to further investigations on the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie infections of Stx2e-producing STEC in pigs and their zoonotic potential for humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8120357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]],"date-time":"2016-11-30T10:10:36Z","timestamp":1480500636000},"page":"357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Topographical Atlas of Shiga Toxin 2e Receptor Distribution in the Tissues of Weaned Piglets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Steil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene, University of M\u00fcnster, D-48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Bonse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene, University of M\u00fcnster, D-48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Meisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene, University of M\u00fcnster, D-48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gottfried","family":"Pohlentz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene, University of M\u00fcnster, D-48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"German","family":"Vallejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary practice Dr. med. vet. K. Nolte and Dr. med. vet. G. Vallejo, D-48329 Havixbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helge","family":"Karch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene, University of M\u00fcnster, D-48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"M\u00fcthing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene, University of M\u00fcnster, D-48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00860-12","article-title":"Multicenter evaluation of a sequence-based protocol for subtyping Shiga toxins and standardizing Stx nomenclature","volume":"50","author":"Scheutz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.5.1714-1719.1996","article-title":"Interaction of verotoxin 2e with pig intestine","volume":"64","author":"Waddell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"235","article-title":"Shiga\/verocytotoxins and Shiga\/verotoxigenic Escherichia coli in animals","volume":"30","author":"Mainil","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30142-0","article-title":"Edema disease","volume":"16","author":"Moxley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252313000170","article-title":"Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in swine: The public health perspective","volume":"15","author":"Tseng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-010-1522-1","article-title":"Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: Pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction","volume":"25","author":"Zoja","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2012.196","article-title":"Renal and neurological involvement in typical Shiga toxin-associated HUS","volume":"8","author":"Trachtman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1375295","article-title":"Role of complement in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome","volume":"40","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005002","article-title":"Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli: Emerging issues on virulence and modes of transmission","volume":"36","author":"Caprioli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-43-13","article-title":"O157:H7 and O104:H4 Vero\/Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli outbreaks: Respective role of cattle and humans","volume":"43","author":"Haesebrouck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moxley, R.A., and Acuff, G.R. (2014). Peri- and postharvest factors in the control of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef. Microbiol. Spectr., 2.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EHEC-0017-2013"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(01)00365-8","article-title":"Globotriaosylceramide (Gb(3)\/CD77) is synthesized and surface expressed by bovine lymphocytes upon activation in vitro","volume":"83","author":"Menge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.2002.0527","article-title":"Bovine lymphocytes express functional receptors for Escherichia coli Shiga toxin 1","volume":"33","author":"Stamm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.4.1896-1905.2004","article-title":"Bovine ileal intraepithelial lymphocytes represent target cells for Shiga toxin 1 from Escherichia coli","volume":"72","author":"Menge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"75","article-title":"STEC as a veterinary problem. Diagnostics and prophylaxis in animals","volume":"73","author":"Wieler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, Q., Bai, X., Zhao, A., Lan, R., Du, H., Wang, T., Shi, C., Yuan, X., Bai, X., and Ji, S. (2014). Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from healthy pigs in China. BMC Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-5"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6680","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.11.6680-6684.2004","article-title":"Shiga toxin binding to isolated porcine tissues and peripheral blood leukocytes","volume":"72","author":"Winter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.1.612-616.2005","article-title":"Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli-inoculated neonatal piglets develop kidney lesions that are comparable to those in humans with hemolytic-uremic syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Pohlenz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2010.02.003","article-title":"Structure, biological functions and applications of the AB5 toxins","volume":"35","author":"Beddoe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.07.016","article-title":"Shiga toxins","volume":"60","author":"Bergan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melton-Celsa, A.R. (2014). Shiga toxin (Stx) classification, structure, and function. Microbiol. Spectr., 2.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EHEC-0024-2013"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.11.021","article-title":"Endocytosis and retrograde transport of Shiga toxin","volume":"56","author":"Sandvig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-842X(96)10017-2","article-title":"Role of verotoxin receptors in pathogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Lingwood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42915","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M106015200","article-title":"Kinetic analysis of binding between Shiga toxin and receptor glycolipid Gb3Cer by surface plasmon resonance","volume":"276","author":"Nakajima","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cws009","article-title":"Promiscuous Shiga toxin 2e and its intimate relationship to Forssman","volume":"22","author":"Meisen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12520","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)63888-8","article-title":"Globotetraosylceramide is recognized by the pig edema disease toxin","volume":"264","author":"DeGrandis","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.3.1138-1141.1995","article-title":"Globotriaosylceramide, Gb3, is an alternative functional receptor for Shiga-like toxin 2e","volume":"63","author":"Keusch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2005.07.007","article-title":"Raft trafficking of AB5 subunit bacterial toxins","volume":"1746","author":"Lencer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05996","article-title":"Shiga toxin induces tubular membrane invaginations for its uptake into cells","volume":"450","author":"Berland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2008.04.004","article-title":"Biophysical approaches to protein-induced membrane deformations in trafficking","volume":"20","author":"Sens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a004721","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a004721","article-title":"Lipid-mediated endocytosis","volume":"3","author":"Ewers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2061515","article-title":"Shiga toxins: Intracellular trafficking to the ER leading to activation of host cell stress responses","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0521com","article-title":"Damage to nuclear DNA induced by Shiga toxin 1 and ricin in human endothelial cells","volume":"16","author":"Brigotti","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2004.09.007","article-title":"Shiga toxin 1 and ricin inhibit the repair of H2O2-induced DNA single strand breaks in cultured mammalian cells","volume":"4","author":"Sestili","year":"2005","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-007-9091-7","article-title":"Glycosphingolipids in vascular endothelial cells: Relationship of heterogeneity in Gb3Cer\/CD77 receptor expression with differential Shiga toxin 1 cytotoxicity","volume":"25","author":"Schweppe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2011-0288","article-title":"Uncommon membrane distribution of Shiga toxin glycosphingolipid receptors in toxin-sensitivie human glomerular microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"393","author":"Betz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-1060-z","article-title":"Facing glycosphingolipid-Shiga toxin interaction: Dire straits for endothelial cells of the human vasculature","volume":"70","author":"Bauwens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwt013","article-title":"Expression of Shiga toxin 2e glycosphingolipid receptors of primary porcine brain endothelial cells and toxin-mediated breakdown of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"23","author":"Meisen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.177.6.1745","article-title":"Alteration of the glycolipid binding specificity of the pig edema toxin from globotetraosyl to globotriaosyl ceramide alters in vivo tissue targeting and results in verotoxin 1-like disease in pigs","volume":"177","author":"Boyd","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"81","article-title":"Localization of potential binding sites for the edema disease Verotoxin (VT2e) in pigs","volume":"62","author":"Waddell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(86)90038-4","article-title":"An improved semi-quantitative nzyme immunostaining procedure for glycosphingolipid antigens on high performance thin layer chromatograms","volume":"89","author":"Bethke","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Distler, U., Souady, J., H\u00fclsewig, M., Drmi\u0107-Hofman, I., Haier, J., Friedrich, A.W., Karch, H., Senninger, N., Dreisewerd, K., and Berkenkamp, S. (2009). Shiga toxin receptor Gb3Cer\/CD77: Tumor association and promising therapeutic target in pancreas and colon cancer. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006813"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M031781","article-title":"Association of Shiga toxin glycosphingolipid receptors with membrane microdomains of toxin-sensitive lymphoid and myeloid cells","volume":"51","author":"Kouzel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12592","article-title":"Shiga toxin of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli directly injures developing human erythrocytes","volume":"18","author":"Betz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020261125008","article-title":"Effect of globotriaosyl ceramide fatty acid \u03b1-hydroxylation on the binding of verotoxin 1 and verotoxin 2","volume":"27","author":"Binnington","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coddens, A., Valis, E., Benktander, J., Angstr\u00f6m, J., Breimer, M.E., Cox, E., and Teneberg, S. (2011). Erythrocyte and porcine intestinal glycosphingolipids recognized by F4 fimbriae of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023309"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2014.09.009","article-title":"Porcine intestinal glycosphingolipids recognized by F6-fimbriated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"76","author":"Coddens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18198","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111640200","article-title":"Identification of target tissue glycosphingolipid receptors for uropathogenic, F1C-fimbriated Escherichia coli and its role in mucosal inflammation","volume":"277","author":"Roche","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a133513","article-title":"Blood group type glycosphingolipids from the small intestine of different animals analysed by mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. A note on species diversity","volume":"90","author":"Breimer","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00975","article-title":"Molecular genetic basis of the human Forssman glycolipid antigen negativity","volume":"2","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-10-455055","article-title":"Forssman expression on human erythrocytes: Biochemical and genetic evidence of a new histo-blood group system","volume":"121","author":"Svensson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"375","article-title":"Chemical and immunological identification of the Forssman pentaglycosylceramide in human kidney","volume":"2","author":"Breimer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5194","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.9.5194-5201.2003","article-title":"Binding of Shiga toxin 2e to porcine erythrocytes in vivo and in vitro","volume":"71","author":"Matise","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Influence of Escherichia coli Shiga toxin on the mammalian central nervous system","volume":"7","author":"Obata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.37-4-318","article-title":"Vascular ultrastructure and DNA fragmentation in swine infected with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli","volume":"37","author":"Matise","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obata, F., and Obrig, T. (2014). Role of Shiga\/Vero toxins in pathogenesis. Microbiol. Spectr., 2.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EHEC-0005-2013"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-939766","article-title":"New aspects in the pathogenesis of enteropathic hemolytic uremic syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Karch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13252","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13252","article-title":"Virulence from vesicles: Novel mechanisms of host cell injury by Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak strain","volume":"5","author":"Kunsmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91487-F","article-title":"Diarrhoea associated with Escherichia coli producing porcine oedema disease verotoxin","volume":"338","author":"Huyghens","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02111832","article-title":"Isolation of Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli serotypes O9ab:H- and O101:H-carrying VT2 variant gene sequences from a patient with haemolytic uraemic syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Thomas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03459-13","article-title":"Hemolytic uremic syndrome in a 65-year old male linked to a very unusual type of stx2e- and eae-harboring O51:H49 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli","volume":"52","author":"Fasel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1086\/338115","article-title":"Escherichia coli harboring Shiga toxin 2 gene variants: Frequency and association with clinical symptoms","volume":"185","author":"Friedrich","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1099-1108.2004","article-title":"Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from human patients in Germany over a 3-year period","volume":"42","author":"Beutin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8855","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8855-8863.2005","article-title":"Shiga toxin 2e-producing Escherichia coli isolates from humans and pigs differ in their virulence profiles and interactions with intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"71","author":"Sonntag","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"5156","article-title":"Role of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the swine production chain","volume":"4","author":"Ercoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7173","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.12.7173-7178.2004","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in swine feces recovered in the National Animal Health Monitoring System\u2019s Swine 2000 study","volume":"70","author":"Fratamico","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6395","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01761-14","article-title":"Diverse virulence gene content of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from finishing swine","volume":"80","author":"Tseng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814001095","article-title":"Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) in swine: Prevalence over the finishing period and characteristics of the STEC isolates","volume":"143","author":"Tseng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00574","article-title":"Characterization of Shiga toxin subtypes and virulence genes in porcine Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli","volume":"7","author":"Baranzoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12197","article-title":"Evaluation of Shiga toxin 2e-specific chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin: Production and neutralization activity","volume":"58","author":"Arimitsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12379","article-title":"Development of a simple and rapid diagnosis method for swine edema disease to specifically detect Stx2e protein by immunochromatographic test","volume":"60","author":"Arimitsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caprioli, A., Scavia, G., and Morabito, S. (2014). Public health microbiology of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Spectr., 2.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EHEC-0014-2013"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins3060608","article-title":"Shiga toxin: Expression, distribution, and its role in the environment","volume":"3","author":"Mauro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M006759","article-title":"Neutral glycosphingolipids in human blood: A precise mass spectrometry analysis with special reference to lipoprotein-associated Shiga toxin receptors","volume":"51","author":"Schweppe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.4636","article-title":"On the structural diversity of Shiga toxin glycosphingolipid receptors in lymphoid and myeloid cells determined by nanoelectrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"24","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.12.4329","article-title":"Forssman glycolipid, an antigenic marker for a major subpopulation of macrophages from murine spleen and peripheral lymph nodes","volume":"138","author":"Bethke","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1998.2570293.x","article-title":"IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). Nomenclature of glycolipids-recommendations 1997","volume":"257","author":"Chester","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1021\/ac702071x","article-title":"Matching IR-MALDI-o-TOF mass spectrometry with the TLC overlay binding assay and its clinical application for tracing tumor-associated glycosphingolipids in hepatocellular and pancreatic cancer","volume":"80","author":"Distler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2012-0165","article-title":"Shiga toxin glycosphingolipid receptor expression and toxin susceptibility of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas of differing origin and differentiation","volume":"393","author":"Storck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1021\/ac4035696","article-title":"Progress in detection and structural characterization of glycosphingolipids in crude lipid extracts by enzymatic phospholipid disintegration combined with thin-layer chromatography immunodetection and IR-MALDI mass spectrometry","volume":"86","author":"Kouzel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1021\/ac035511t","article-title":"Direct analysis of silica gel extracts from immunostained glycosphingolipids by nanoelectrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"76","author":"Meisen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01049915","article-title":"A systematic nomenclature for carbohydrate fragmentations in FAB-MS\/MS spectra of glycoconjugates","volume":"5","author":"Domon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00405a021","article-title":"Structure elucidation of glycosphingolipids and gangliosides using high-performance tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"27","author":"Domon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"R Core Team (2015). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/8\/12\/357\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:27:43Z","timestamp":1760210863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/8\/12\/357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins8120357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins8120357","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]]}}}