{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:38:55Z","timestamp":1790278735490,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]],"date-time":"2017-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The spread of multidrug-resistant human pathogens has drawn attention towards antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are major players in the innate immune systems of many organisms, including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants and microbes. Scorpion venom is an abundant source of novel and potent AMPs. Here, we investigated natural and engineered AMPs from the scorpions Urodacus yaschenkoi and U. manicatus to determine their antimicrobial spectra as well as their hemolytic\/cytotoxic activity. None of the AMPs were active against fungi, but many of them were active at low concentrations (0.25\u201330 \u00b5M) against seven different bacteria. Hemolytic and cytotoxic activities were determined using pig erythrocytes and baby hamster kidney cells, respectively. The amino acid substitutions in the engineered AMPs did not inhibit cytotoxicity, but reduced hemolysis and therefore increased the therapeutic indices. The phylogenetic analysis of scorpion AMPs revealed they are closely related and the GXK motif is highly conserved. The engineered scorpion AMPs offer a promising alternative for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections and could be modified further to reduce their hemolytic\/cytotoxic activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9010022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]],"date-time":"2017-01-06T10:08:12Z","timestamp":1483697292000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Bioactivity of Natural and Engineered Antimicrobial Peptides from Venom of the Scorpions Urodacus yaschenkoi and U. manicatus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Karen","family":"Luna-Ramirez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchester Strasse 2, D-35394 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miray","family":"Tonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchester Strasse 2, D-35394 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Rahnamaeian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchester Strasse 2, D-35394 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Vilcinskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchester Strasse 2, D-35394 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.1.5.12983","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides: The ancient arm of the human immune system","volume":"1","author":"Wiesner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150290","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0290","article-title":"Diversity, evolution and medical applications of insect antimicrobial peptides","volume":"371","author":"Mylonakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phil. 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