{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T21:25:10Z","timestamp":1789853110088,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,10]],"date-time":"2017-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences","award":["5R01ES022075-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01ES022075-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Future sustainability of freshwater resources is seriously threatened due to the presence of harmful cyanobacterial blooms, and yet, the number, extent, and distribution of most cyanobacterial toxins\u2014including \u201cemerging\u201d toxins and other bioactive compounds\u2014are poorly understood. We measured 15 cyanobacterial compounds\u2014including four microcystins (MC), saxitoxin (SXT), cylindrospermopsin (CYL), anatoxin-a (ATX) and homo-anatoxin-a (hATX), two anabaenopeptins (Apt), three cyanopeptolins (Cpt), microginin (Mgn), and nodularin (NOD)\u2014in six freshwater lakes that regularly experience noxious cHABs. MC, a human liver toxin, was present in all six lakes and was detected in 80% of all samples. Similarly, Apt, Cpt, and Mgn were detected in all lakes in roughly 86%, 50%, and 35% of all samples, respectively. Despite being a notable brackish water toxin, NOD was detected in the two shallowest lakes\u2014Wingra (4.3 m) and Koshkonong (2.1 m). All compounds were highly variable temporally, and spatially. Metabolite profiles were significantly different between lakes suggesting lake characteristics influenced the cyanobacterial community and\/or metabolite production. Understanding how cyanobacterial toxins are distributed across eutrophic lakes may shed light onto the ecological function of these metabolites, provide valuable information for their remediation and removal, and aid in the protection of public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9020062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]],"date-time":"2017-02-15T10:09:07Z","timestamp":1487153347000},"page":"62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Variable Cyanobacterial Toxin and Metabolite  Profiles across Six Eutrophic Lakes of Differing  Physiochemical Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Lucas","family":"Beversdorf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin\u2010Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Weirich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin\u2010Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin\u2010Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin\u2010Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2006.00022.x","article-title":"Cyanobacterial peptides\u2014Nature\u2019s own combinatorial biosynthesis","volume":"30","author":"Welker","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2012.12000.x","article-title":"Cyanobacterial toxins: Biosynthetic routes and evolutionary roots","volume":"37","author":"Dittmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. 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