{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T10:43:46Z","timestamp":1760784226647,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]],"date-time":"2017-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fish venoms are often poorly studied, in part due to the difficulty in obtaining, extracting, and storing them. In this study, we characterize the cardiovascular and neurotoxic effects of the venoms from the following six species of fish: the cartilaginous stingrays Neotrygon kuhlii and Himantura toshi, and the bony fish Platycephalus fucus, Girella tricuspidata, Mugil cephalus, and Dentex  tumifrons. All venoms (10\u2013100 \u03bcg\/kg, i.v.), except G. tricuspidata and P. fuscus, induced a biphasic response on mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the anesthetised rat. P. fucus venom exhibited a hypotensive response, while venom from G. tricuspidata displayed a single depressor response. All venoms induced cardiovascular collapse at 200 \u03bcg\/kg, i.v. The in vitro neurotoxic effects of venom were examined using the chick biventer cervicis nerve\u2010muscle (CBCNM) preparation. N. kuhlii, H.  toshi, and P. fucus venoms caused concentration\u2010dependent inhibition of indirect twitches in the CBCNM preparation. These three venoms also inhibited responses to exogenous acetylcholine (ACh) and carbachol (CCh), but not potassium chloride (KCl), indicating a post\u2010synaptic mode of action. Venom from G. tricuspidata, M. cephalus, and D. tumifrons had no significant effect on indirect twitches or agonist responses in the CBCNM. Our results demonstrate that envenoming by these species of fish may result in moderate cardiovascular and\/or neurotoxic effects. Future studies  aimed at identifying the molecules responsible for these effects could uncover potentially novel lead compounds  for  future  pharmaceuticals,  in  addition  to  generating  new  knowledge  about  the  evolutionary relationships between venomous animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9020067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]],"date-time":"2017-02-16T12:55:34Z","timestamp":1487249734000},"page":"67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Cardiovascular and Neurotoxic Effects of the  Venoms of Six Bony and Cartilaginous Fish Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Han","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7516-3977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8035-4719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Casewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"},{"name":"HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Dobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Koludarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Debono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Cutmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Parisitology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niwanthi","family":"Rajapakse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Aquarium Vet, P.O. Box 2327, Moorabbin, VIC 3189, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6661-1283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan","family":"Fry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjaya","family":"Kuruppu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Monash, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00126-5","article-title":"The pharmacological activity of fish venoms","volume":"40","author":"Church","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esj034","article-title":"Venom evolution widespread in fishes: A phylogenetic road map for the bioprospecting of piscine venoms","volume":"97","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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