{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T08:37:05Z","timestamp":1790498225429,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scorpion stings on humans are medically relevant because they may contain toxins that specifically target ion channels. During antivenom production, pharmaceutical companies must use a large number of experimental animals to ensure the antivenom\u2019s efficacy according to pharmacopeia methods. Here we present an electrophysiological alternative for the evaluation of horse antivenoms produced against two species of Moroccan scorpions: Buthus mardochei and Androctonus mauretanicus. Human sodium and potassium channels and acetylcholine nicotinic receptors were analyzed by standard patch-clamp techniques. The results showed that the antivenom is capable of reversing ion current disruption caused by the venom application. We propose the use of this in vitro technique for antivenom evaluation as an alternative to using a large number of live animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9030074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T11:45:01Z","timestamp":1487850301000},"page":"74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Antivenom Evaluation by Electrophysiological Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6510-5303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Restano-Cassulini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnologia, National Autonomous University of M\u00e9xico, Av. Univeresidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Biocl\u00f3n S.A. de C.V., Calle Miguel Laurent 427, Del. Benito Juarez, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Paniagua-Sol\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorios Silanes, S.A. de C.V., Amores 1304, Colonia del Valle, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6357-2661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourival","family":"Possani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnologia, National Autonomous University of M\u00e9xico, Av. Univeresidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.05.021","article-title":"Epidemiology of scorpionism: A global appraisal","volume":"107","author":"Chippaux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"115","article-title":"Koch, 1850","volume":"Volume 3148","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-Level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Rein-Ove, J. Scorpion Files, Tronheim. Available online: http:\/\/www.ntnu.no\/ub\/scorpion-files."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1970.tb01111.x","article-title":"Purification of animal neurotoxins. 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