{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:17:16Z","timestamp":1762507036341,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]],"date-time":"2017-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hemoscorpius lepturus is the most medically important scorpion in Iran. The clinical signs of H. lepturus envenomation are remarkably similar to those reported for brown spiders, including dermonecrosis, hematuria, renal failure and even death. The lethality and toxicity of brown spiders\u2019 venom have been attributed to  its  phospholipase  D  activity.  This study aims to identify a phospholipase D with possible lethality and dermonecrotic activity in H. lepturus venom. In this study, a cDNA library of the venom glands was generated by Illumina RNA sequencing. Phospholipase D (PLD) from H. lepturus was characterized according to its significant similarity with PLDs from brown spiders. The main chain designated as Hl\u2010RecPLD1 (the first recombinant isoform of H. lepturus PLD) was cloned, expressed and purified. Sphingomyelinase, dermonecrotic and lethal activities were examined.  Hl\u2010PLD1 showed remarkable sequence similarity and  structural homology with PLDs of brown spiders. The conformation of Hl\u2010PLD1 was predicted as a \u201cTIM beta\/alpha\u2010barrel\u201d. The lethal dose 50 (LD50) and dermonecrotic activities of Hl\u2010RecPLD1 were determined as 3.1 \u03bcg\/mouse and 0.7 cm2 at 1 \u03bcg respectively. It is the first report indicating that a similar molecular evolutionary mechanism has occurred in both American brown spiders and this Iranian scorpion. In conclusion, Hl\u2010RecPLD1 is a highly active phospholipase D, which would be considered as the lethal dermonecrotic toxin in H. lepturus venom.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9030102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]],"date-time":"2017-03-13T10:26:18Z","timestamp":1489400778000},"page":"102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Characteristics\u00a0and\u00a0Lethality\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0Novel\u00a0Recombinant\u00a0 Dermonecrotic\u00a0Venom\u00a0Phospholipase\u00a0D\u00a0from\u00a0 Hemiscorpius\u00a0lepturus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Elham","family":"Torabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169\u201043551, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Behdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169\u201043551, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Chafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169\u201043551, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Moazzami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169\u201043551, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9040-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean\u2010Marc","family":"Sabatier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMRs 1097, Aix\u2010Marseille Universit\u00e9, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille 13288, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Khalaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169\u201043551, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delavar","family":"Shahbazzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169\u201043551, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0125-3918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamran","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169\u201043551, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.05.021","article-title":"Epidemiology of scorpionism: A global appraisal","volume":"107","author":"Chippaux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"373","article-title":"Trends in mortality from scorpion stings in Mexico, 1979\u20132003","volume":"21","author":"Celis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Revista Panamericana De Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.04.011","article-title":"Introducing Compsobuthus matthiesseni (Birula, 1905) scorpion as one of the major stinging scorpions in Khuzestan, Iran","volume":"54","author":"Dehghani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"66","article-title":"Epidemiology of Scorpionism in Iran during 2009","volume":"7","author":"Rafizadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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