{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:14:35Z","timestamp":1793193275720,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]],"date-time":"2017-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites with bioaccumulation levels leading to their carry-over into animal fluids, organs, and tissues. As a consequence, mycotoxin determination in biological samples from humans and animals has been reported worldwide. Since most mycotoxins show toxic effects at low concentrations and considering the extremely low levels present in biological samples, the application of reliable detection methods is required. This review summarizes the information regarding the studies involving mycotoxin determination in biological samples over the last 10 years. Relevant data on extraction methodology, detection techniques, sample size, limits of detection, and quantitation are presented herein. Briefly, liquid-liquid extraction followed by LC-MS\/MS determination was the most common technique. The most analyzed mycotoxin was ochratoxin A, followed by zearalenone and deoxynivalenol\u2014including their metabolites, enniatins, fumonisins, aflatoxins, T-2 and HT-2 toxins. Moreover, the studies were classified by their purpose, mainly focused on the development of analytical methodologies, mycotoxin biomonitoring, and exposure assessment. The study of tissue distribution, bioaccumulation, carry-over, persistence and transference of mycotoxins, as well as, toxicokinetics and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) were other proposed goals for biological sample analysis. Finally, an overview of risk assessment was discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9080251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,21]],"date-time":"2017-08-21T04:12:17Z","timestamp":1503288737000},"page":"251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Studies on the Presence of Mycotoxins in Biological Samples: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Escriv\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Av. Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermina","family":"Font","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Av. Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5777-6107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Manyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Av. Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7302-5282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houda","family":"Berrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Av. Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins: An update (2009\u20132014)","volume":"9011","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"158","article-title":"Biological control strategies of mycotoxigenic fungi and associated mycotoxins in Mediterranean basin crops","volume":"51","author":"Tsitsigiannis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytopathol. Mediterr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Q., and Li, P. (2016). Mycotoxin determination in foods using advanced sensors based on antibodies or aptamers. 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