{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:37:24Z","timestamp":1792802244939,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,31]],"date-time":"2017-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In January 2015, a 20-month-old child and her family took part in recreational activities at Carrasco and Malv\u00edn beaches (Montevideo, Uruguay). An intense harmful algae bloom (HAB) was developing along the coast at that time. A few hours after the last recreational exposure episode, the family suffered gastrointestinal symptoms which were self-limited except in the child\u2019s case, who was admitted to hospital in Uruguay with diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, and jaundice. The patient had increased serum levels of liver enzymes and bilirubin and five days later presented acute liver failure. She was referred to the Italian Hospital in Buenos Aires, being admitted with grade II\u2013III encephalopathy and hepatomegaly and requiring mechanical respiratory assistance. Serology tests for hepatitis A, B, and C, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus were negative. Laboratory features showed anemia, coagulopathy, and increased serum levels of ammonium, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and bilirubin. Autoimmune Hepatitis Type-II (AH-II) was the initial diagnosis based on a liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibodies (LKM-1) positive result, and twenty days later a liver transplant was performed. The liver histopathology had indicated hemorrhagic necrosis in zone 3, and cholestasis and nodular regeneration, which were not characteristic of AH-II. LC\/ESI-HRMS (liquid chromatography electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry) analysis of MCs in the explanted liver revealed the presence of Microsytin-LR (MC-LR) (2.4 ng\u00b7gr\u22121 tissue) and [D-Leu1]MC-LR (75.4 ng\u00b7gr\u22121 tissue), which constitute a toxicological nexus and indicate a preponderant role of microcystins in the development of fulminant hepatitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9090267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,31]],"date-time":"2017-08-31T10:54:44Z","timestamp":1504176884000},"page":"267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Recreational Exposure during Algal Bloom in Carrasco Beach, Uruguay: A Liver Failure Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Flavia","family":"Vidal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, C1199ABB Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Sedan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Research, Exact Sciences Faculty, National University of La Plata, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CIMA-FCE-UNLP-CONICET), 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"D\u2019Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, C1199ABB Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Cavalieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, C1199ABB Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Mullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, C1199ABB Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Parot Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, C1199ABB Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cintia","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Laboratory\/Organic Contaminants, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep","family":"Caixach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Laboratory\/Organic Contaminants, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Andrinolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Research, Exact Sciences Faculty, National University of La Plata, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CIMA-FCE-UNLP-CONICET), 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2216\/i0031-8884-32-2-79.1","article-title":"A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase","volume":"32","author":"Hallegraeff","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phycologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155398","article-title":"Blooms like it hot","volume":"320","author":"Pearl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chorus, I., and Bartram, J. 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