{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:22:28Z","timestamp":1791426148221,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]],"date-time":"2017-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulism is a fatal intoxication caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), which are mainly produced by Clostridium botulinum and characterized by flaccid paralysis. The BoNTs C and D are the main serotypes responsible for botulism in animals, including buffaloes. Botulism is one of the leading causes of death in adult ruminants in Brazil due to the high mortality rates, even though botulism in buffaloes is poorly reported and does not reflect the real economic impact of this disease in Brazilian herds. Vaccination is reported as the most important prophylactic measure for botulism control, although there are no specific vaccines commercially available for buffaloes in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the humoral immune response of buffalo groups vaccinated with three different concentrations of recombinant proteins (100, 200, and 400 \u00b5g) against BoNTs serotypes C and D as well as to compare the groups to each other and with a group vaccinated with a bivalent commercial toxoid. The recombinant vaccine with a concentration of 400 \u03bcg of proteins induced the highest titers among the tested vaccines and was proven to be the best choice among the formulations evaluated and should be considered as a potential vaccine against botulism in buffalo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9100297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]],"date-time":"2017-09-22T11:03:15Z","timestamp":1506078195000},"page":"297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Humoral Response of Buffaloes to a Recombinant Vaccine against Botulism Serotypes C and D"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Denis","family":"Otaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, BR 316 Km 61, Saudade II, Cristo Redentor, Castanhal 68740-910, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, BR 316 Km 61, Saudade II, Cristo Redentor, Castanhal 68740-910, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1613-1569","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Cl\u00f3vis","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, N\u00facleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, N\u00facleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9199-0764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, N\u00facleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f4nio","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, BR 316 Km 61, Saudade II, Cristo Redentor, Castanhal 68740-910, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Donassolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, N\u00facleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, N\u00facleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabr\u00edcio","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, N\u00facleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96160-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7711-6437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Salvarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, BR 316 Km 61, Saudade II, Cristo Redentor, Castanhal 68740-910, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil, L.A.F., da Cunha, C.E.P., Moreira, G.M.S.G., Salvarani, F.M., Assis, R.A., Lobato, F.C.F., Mendon\u00e7a, M., Dellagostin, O.A., and Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, F.R. (2013). Production and Evaluation of a Recombinant Chimeric Vaccine against Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin Types C and D. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069692"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2013.06.011","article-title":"Efficacy of Clostridium botulinum types C and D toxoid vaccination in Danish cows","volume":"23","author":"Skau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.11.025","article-title":"Vaccination of cattle with a recombinant bivalent toxoid against botulism serotypes C and D","volume":"32","author":"Cunha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2016.05.012","article-title":"Protective potential of recombinant non-purified botulinum neurotoxin serotypes C and D","volume":"40","author":"Moreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvarani, F.M., Otaka, D.Y., Oliveira, C.M.C., Reis, A.S.B., Perdig\u00e3o, H.H., Souza, A.E.C., Brito, M.F., and Barbosa, J.D. (2017). Type C waterborne botulism outbreaks in buffaloes (Bubablus bubalis) in the Amazon region. Pesqui. Vet. Bras, in press.","DOI":"10.1590\/s0100-736x2017000700008"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X1998000300007","article-title":"Ocorr\u00eancia e distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de esporos de Clostridium botulinum tipos C e D em \u00e1reas de cria\u00e7\u00e3o de b\u00fafalos na Baixada Maranhense","volume":"18","author":"Silva","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.06.003","article-title":"Production of recombinant botulism antigens: A review of expression systems","volume":"28","author":"Moreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"37","article-title":"Botulismo Enzo\u00f3tico em b\u00fafalos no Maranh\u00e3o","volume":"8","author":"Langenegger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Brasil (2002). Minist\u00e9rio da Agricultura Pecu\u00e1ria e Abastecimento, Instru\u00e7\u00e3o Normativa n\u00b0 23."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2017, August 08). FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online: http:\/\/faostat.fao.org\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica (2014). IBGE Produ\u00e7\u00e3o da Pecu\u00e1ria Municipal 2014. Minist. Planej. Or\u00e7amento Gest\u00e3o, 42, 1\u201339."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Borghese, A. (2005). Buffalo Production and Research, Food and Agriculture Organization."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/9\/10\/297\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:45:38Z","timestamp":1760208338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/9\/10\/297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins9100297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins9100297","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]]}}}