{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T11:48:21Z","timestamp":1793620101210,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]],"date-time":"2017-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metastasis involves the migration of cancer cells from a primary tumor to invade and establish secondary tumors in distant organs, and it is the main cause for cancer-related deaths. Currently, the conventional cytostatic drugs target the proliferation of malignant cells, being ineffective in metastatic disease. This highlights the need to find new anti-metastatic drugs. Toxins isolated from snake venoms are a natural source of potentially useful molecular scaffolds to obtain agents with anti-migratory and anti-invasive effects in cancer cells. While there is greater evidence concerning the mechanisms of cell death induction of several snake toxin classes on cancer cells; only a reduced number of toxin classes have been reported on (i.e., disintegrins\/disintegrin-like proteins, C-type lectin-like proteins, C-type lectins, serinproteases, cardiotoxins, snake venom cystatins) as inhibitors of adhesion, migration, and invasion of cancer cells. Here, we discuss the anti-metastatic mechanisms of snake toxins, distinguishing three targets, which involve (1) inhibition of extracellular matrix components-dependent adhesion and migration, (2) inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and (3) inhibition of migration by alterations in the actin\/cytoskeleton network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9120390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]],"date-time":"2017-11-30T12:02:51Z","timestamp":1512043371000},"page":"390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Targeting Metastasis with Snake Toxins: Molecular Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Urra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 7, Santiago 7800003, Chile"},{"name":"Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Independencia 1027, Casilla 7, Santiago 7800003, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5082-9146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramiro","family":"Araya-Maturana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2017.04.008","article-title":"Migrastatics-Anti-metastatic and anti-invasion drugs: Promises and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Rosel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riggi, N., Aguet, M., and Stamenkovic, I. 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