{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T06:10:47Z","timestamp":1787897447763,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our objective was to perform a systematic review of individual patient data comparing immunodiagnostic test sensitivity in patients with localized versus disseminated tuberculosis who are from high- and less-than-high-income countries. In a systematic review of individual patient data, we compared IGRA results and characteristics of patients with disseminated tuberculosis with IGRA results and characteristics of patients with localized tuberculosis. Data were extracted from Pubmed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library, analyzed and presented following the PRISMA-IPD and STROBE statements. We identified 52 patients with localized and 105 with disseminated tuberculosis. Immunodiagnostic tests in localized tuberculosis from high-income countries were positive in 88.8% and in 67.3% of patients with disseminated tuberculosis (p = 0.034). In patients from less-than-high-income countries, the sensitivity of immunodiagnostic tests was not significantly lower with disseminated tuberculosis. Patients with disseminated tuberculosis were significantly younger and had a higher rate of microbiological confirmation. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that rate of microbiological confirmation was associated with a negative IGRA. Disseminated tuberculosis may be associated with a reduced sensitivity of IGRA in high-income countries and this may be related to a higher bacterial load with a negative IGRA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10030070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T07:05:46Z","timestamp":1741331146000},"page":"70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sensitivity of Immunodiagnostic Tests in Localized Versus Disseminated Tuberculosis\u2014A Systematic Review of Individual Patient Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Eisenhut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Department, Luton & Dunstable University Hospital, Lewsey Road, Luton LU40DZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shagun","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Department, Luton & Dunstable University Hospital, Lewsey Road, Luton LU40DZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8381-3255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozge","family":"Kaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Ba\u015fak\u015fehir \u00c7am and Sakura City Hospital, 34480 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manolya","family":"Kara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, 34728 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2078-9796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, \u0130stinye University, Bah\u00e7e\u015fehir Liv Training and Education Hospital, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoung-Ho","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong Bin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maoshui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, Jinan 250013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902004","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02004-2019","article-title":"Performance of immune-based and microbiological tests in children with tuberculosis meningitis in Europe: A multicentre Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (ptbnet) study","volume":"56","author":"Roy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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