{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:42:15Z","timestamp":1785307335435,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Statins are among the most frequently prescribed medications. In addition to their well-established effectiveness in lowering total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides, statins have been described to have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties and have been associated with improved endothelial functions. Given the common use of statins, we sought to evaluate the effect of statins on some viral infections encountered by residents in tropical areas or by international travelers. A literature search was performed in PubMED\/MEDLINE focusing on keywords that included statins and the viruses of interest, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza, yellow fever, dengue, Zika, tick-borne encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever viruses, hepatitis A, norovirus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, measles, and herpesviruses; findings were synthesized for each virus into a summary. The effects of statins on viral infections vary depending on the specific virus. While some studies indicate potential benefits in chronic HBV and HCV infections, evidence regarding SARS-CoV-2 and influenza remains inconclusive due to mixed findings from observational studies and randomized controlled trials. The role of statins in other viral infections is largely unexplored, with preclinical data available for only a few viruses. Given the conflicting evidence, further prospective studies and randomized controlled trials are warranted to elucidate statins\u2019 role in viral infections, particularly in modulating inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and immune responses. Future research should aim to define the optimal patient populations, target viruses, statin types, and treatment durations that may confer benefits in specific viral infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10030073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T16:39:03Z","timestamp":1741711143000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Do Statins Affect Viral Infections Encountered by International Travelers?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Chinmay T.","family":"Jani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3958-4125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Mouchati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2041-2806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nour","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruchi","family":"Jani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Smt NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad 380006, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loukas","family":"Kakoullis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5684-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin H.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract12040060","article-title":"A Scoping Review on the Reported Evidence and Gaps of the Risk of Diabetes in Dyslipidemic Patients under Statin Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Prakash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.4700","article-title":"National Trends in Statin Use and Expenditures in the US Adult Population From 2002 to 2013: Insights From the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey","volume":"2","author":"Salami","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2023.04.002","article-title":"Statins utilization trends and expenditures in the U.S. before and after the implementation of the 2013 ACC\/AHA guidelines","volume":"31","author":"Matyori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2007.03.016","article-title":"Mevalonate pathway: A review of clinical and therapeutical implications","volume":"40","author":"Buhaescu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"CD004816","article-title":"Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"2013","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"404","article-title":"The Effect of Intensified Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Reduction on Recurrent Myocardial Infarction and Cardiovascular Mortality","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22862","article-title":"Nutraceuticals in the management of patients with statin-associated muscle symptoms, with a note on real-world experience","volume":"41","author":"Ward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S325","DOI":"10.2337\/dcS13-2038","article-title":"Intolerance to statins: Mechanisms and management","volume":"36","author":"Bitzur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2020.101054","article-title":"Antiviral effects of statins","volume":"79","author":"Gorabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12902","article-title":"Immune modulatory effects of statins","volume":"154","author":"Zeiser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-149609","article-title":"Statins inhibit human APC function: Implications for the treatment of GVHD","volume":"112","author":"Liebig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-10-41","article-title":"Antiretroviral effect of lovastatin on HIV-1-infected individuals without highly active antiretroviral therapy (The LIVE study): A phase-II randomized clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Montoya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"II18","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000129505.34151.23","article-title":"Inflammation, immunity, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: Statins as antiinflammatory agents?","volume":"109","author":"Schonbeck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02039-09","article-title":"Characterization of Lassa virus glycoprotein oligomerization and influence of cholesterol on virus replication","volume":"84","author":"Schlie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.07.024","article-title":"Cholesterol is required for stability and infectivity of influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses","volume":"510","author":"Bajimaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espano, E., Nam, J.H., Song, E.J., Song, D., Lee, C.K., and Kim, J.K. (2019). Lipophilic statins inhibit Zika virus production in Vero cells. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47956-1"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, A., Yang, J., Huang, X., Huang, X., Yin, G., Cai, Y., Feng, X., Zhang, X., Li, Y., and Liu, Q. (2022). The Function behind the Relation between Lipid Metabolism and Vimentin on H9N2 Subtype AIV Replication. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081814"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06951.x","article-title":"Critical role of lipid rafts in virus entry and activation of phosphoinositide 3\u2032 kinase\/Akt signaling during early stages of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in neural stem\/progenitor cells","volume":"115","author":"Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, B. (2022). The Cholesterol Transport Inhibitor U18666A Interferes with Pseudorabies Virus Infection. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071539"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28318","DOI":"10.4161\/sgtp.28318","article-title":"Rho\u2019ing in and out of cells: Viral interactions with Rho GTPase signaling","volume":"5","author":"Jacob","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small GTPases"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taad085","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taad085","article-title":"Travel vaccines-priorities determined by incidence and impact","volume":"30","author":"Steffen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Travel. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7139.1232","article-title":"North of England evidence based guidelines development project: Methods of developing guidelines for efficient drug use in primary care","volume":"316","author":"Eccles","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.10.021","article-title":"Statins and SARS-CoV-2 disease: Current concepts and possible benefits","volume":"14","author":"Minz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108192","article-title":"The role of lovastatin in the attenuation of COVID-19","volume":"101","author":"Karampoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvaa128","article-title":"Effect of statin therapy on SARS-CoV-2 infection-related mortality in hospitalized patients","volume":"8","author":"Masana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.015","article-title":"In-Hospital Use of Statins Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Mortality among Individuals with COVID-19","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2022-002487","article-title":"Effects of statins on outcomes in Hispanic patients with COVID-19","volume":"70","author":"Khalafi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umakanthan, S., Senthil, S., John, S., Madhavan, M.K., Das, J., Patil, S., Rameshwaram, R., Cintham, A., Subramaniam, V., and Yogi, M. (2022). The Effect of Statins on Clinical Outcome Among Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: A Multi-Centric Cohort Study. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.742273"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0705","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000705","article-title":"Critical Influenza and COVID-19-A Comparative Nationwide Case-Control Study","volume":"4","author":"Larsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Care Explor."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1878","article-title":"Pharmacological Predictors of Morbidity and Mortality in COVID-19","volume":"61","author":"Oddy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Survival impact of previous statin therapy in patients hospitalized with COVID-19","volume":"160","author":"Muniz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maric, I., Oskotsky, T., Kosti, I., Le, B., Wong, R.J., Shaw, G.M., Sirota, M., and Stevenson, D.K. (2021). Decreased Mortality Rate Among COVID-19 Patients Prescribed Statins: Data From Electronic Health Records in the US. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.639804"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab539","article-title":"Association of Statins and 28-Day Mortality Rates in Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection","volume":"225","author":"Memel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.012","article-title":"Relation of Statin Use Prior to Admission to Severity and Recovery Among COVID-19 Inpatients","volume":"136","author":"Daniels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2021.03.002","article-title":"Association between antecedent statin use and severe disease outcomes in COVID-19: A retrospective study with propensity score matching","volume":"15","author":"Lohia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21553-1","article-title":"Association between antecedent statin use and decreased mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, W.Y.T., Young, B.E., Lye, D.C., Chew, D.E.K., and Dalan, R. (2020). Statin use is associated with lower disease severity in COVID-19 infection. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74492-0"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28678","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28678","article-title":"The impact of statin therapy on in-hospital prognosis and endothelial function of patients at high-to-very high cardiovascular risk admitted for COVID-19","volume":"95","author":"Bianconi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"147","article-title":"Role of statins in clinical evolution of octogenarian patients admitted due to COVID-19","volume":"161","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izkhakov, E., Vilian, Y., Buch, A., Denysov, V., Namouz, D., Nathan, A., Greenman, Y., and Ziv-Baran, T. (2023). Routine statins use is associated with less adverse outcome in patients above 70 years of age admitted to hospital with COVID-19. BMC Geriatr., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04183-8"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10760296221103864","DOI":"10.1177\/10760296221103864","article-title":"Statins and Risk of Thrombosis in Critically ill Patients with COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study","volume":"28","author":"Kensara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Sulaiman, K., Aljuhani, O., Korayem, G.B., Altebainawi, A.F., Al Harbi, S., Al Shaya, A., Badreldin, H.A., Kensara, R., Alharthi, A.F., and Alghamdi, J. (2022). The impact of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors use on the clinical outcomes in critically ill patients with COVID-19: A multicenter, cohort study. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.877944"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.03.001","article-title":"Association of Pre-Admission Statin Use With Reduced In-Hospital Mortality in COVID-19","volume":"361","author":"Chacko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e175","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315551","article-title":"Beneficial Effect of Statins in COVID-19-Related Outcomes-Brief Report: A National Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01498-x","article-title":"Prior Treatment with Statins is Associated with Improved Outcomes of Patients with COVID-19: Data from the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry","volume":"81","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-71697-4_17","article-title":"Associastion of In-hospital Use of Statins, Aspirin, and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Inhibitors with Mortality and ICU Admission Due to COVID-19","volume":"1327","author":"Rahimibashar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68165","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.68165","article-title":"Identification of drugs associated with reduced severity of COVID-19\u2014A case-control study in a large population","volume":"10","author":"Israel","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"e14434","article-title":"Promising effects of atorvastatin on mortality and need for mechanical ventilation in patients with severe COVID-19; a retrospective cohort study","volume":"75","author":"Moradi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera, A.S., Al-Heeti, O., Petito, L.C., Feinstein, M.J., Achenbach, C.J., Williams, J., and Taiwo, B. (2023). Association of statin use with outcomes of patients admitted with COVID-19: An analysis of electronic health records using superlearner. BMC Infect. Dis., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08026-0"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2029058","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.29058","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated With In-Hospital Mortality in a US National Sample of Patients With COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73873","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.73873","article-title":"Association of lipid-lowering drugs with COVID-19 outcomes from a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2021.12.012","article-title":"The association of statins use with survival of patients with COVID-19","volume":"79","author":"Kuno","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e022330","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.022330","article-title":"Statins and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Results of a Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study of 469 749 Adults From 2 Canadian Provinces","volume":"10","author":"McAlister","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2022.10.005","article-title":"Statin therapy may protect against acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized for interstitial SARS-CoV2 pneumonia","volume":"33","author":"Piani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e058363","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058363","article-title":"Associations of statin use with 30-day adverse outcomes among 4 801 406 US Veterans with and without SARS-CoV-2: An observational cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Wander","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s41231-021-00082-5","article-title":"Statins in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study in Iranian COVID-19 patients","volume":"6","author":"Peymani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therap.2021.10.006","article-title":"A historical cohort study to investigation of statins safety in COVID-19 hospitalized patients","volume":"77","author":"Nateghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Therapie"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e044421","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044421","article-title":"Association between statin use and outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A nationwide cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Butt","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05351-w","article-title":"Predictors of hospital discharge and mortality in patients with diabetes and COVID-19: Updated results from the nationwide CORONADO study","volume":"64","author":"Wargny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2020.12.008","article-title":"Impact of prior statin use on clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients: Data from tertiary referral hospitals during COVID-19 pandemic in Italy","volume":"15","author":"Mitacchione","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01563-0","article-title":"COVID-19 and lipids. The role of lipid disorders and statin use in the prognosis of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"20","author":"Surma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.004","article-title":"Meta-analysis of Effect of Statins in Patients with COVID-19","volume":"134","author":"Kow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2020.101220","article-title":"Statins and clinical outcomes with COVID-19: Meta-analyses of observational studies","volume":"47","author":"Scheen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1722307","article-title":"Protective Effects of Statins Administration in European and North American Patients Infected with COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"47","author":"Onorato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-139172","article-title":"Statin use and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Pal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow, R., Im, J., Chiu, N., Chiu, L., Aggarwal, R., Lee, J., Choi, Y.G., Prsic, E.H., and Shin, H.J. (2021). The protective association between statins use and adverse outcomes among COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.08.21251070"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms\/132950","article-title":"Improved COVID-19 ICU admission and mortality outcomes following treatment with statins: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.1933165","article-title":"The use of statins was associated with reduced COVID-19 mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-021-00233-3","article-title":"In-hospital use of statins is associated with a reduced risk of mortality in coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19): Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Permana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab284","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab284","article-title":"Prior Statin Use and Risk of Mortality and Severe Disease From Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Yetmar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.08.004","article-title":"Statins reduce mortality in patients with COVID-19: An updated meta-analysis of 147,824 patients","volume":"110","author":"Cazorla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2021-140409","article-title":"Statin and mortality in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of pooled adjusted effect estimates from propensity-matched cohorts","volume":"98","author":"Zein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.06.911","article-title":"Statin use and mortality in COVID-19 patients: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"330","author":"Kollias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-021-00490-w","article-title":"The Association Between the Use of Statins and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Kow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C.C., Lee, A.J., Su, C.H., Huang, C.Y., Islam, M.M., and Weng, Y.C. (2021). Statin Use Is Associated with a Decreased Risk of Mortality among Patients with COVID-19. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10071450"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"951","article-title":"Statin therapy is associated with less ICU admissions in COVID-19 patients","volume":"87","author":"Zuin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.02.020","article-title":"Statin and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"31","author":"Hariyanto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2020.10.001","article-title":"Routine use of statins and increased COVID-19 related mortality in inpatients with type 2 diabetes: Results from the CORONADO study","volume":"47","author":"Cariou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-020-02504-y","article-title":"Protective role of statins in COVID 19 patients: Importance of pharmacokinetic characteristics rather than intensity of action","volume":"15","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sperry, M.M., Oskotsky, T.T., Maric, I., Kaushal, S., Takeda, T., Horvath, V., Powers, R.K., Rodas, M., Furlong, B., and Soong, M. (2023). Target-agnostic drug prediction integrated with medical record analysis uncovers differential associations of statins with increased survival in COVID-19 patients. PLoS Comput. Biol., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011050"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.08.021","article-title":"Investigating Lipid-Modulating Agents for Prevention or Treatment of COVID-19: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"78","author":"Talasaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghati, N., Bhatnagar, S., Mahendran, M., Thakur, A., Prasad, K., Kumar, D., Dwivedi, T., Mani, K., Tiwari, P., and Gupta, R. (2022). Statin and aspirin as adjuvant therapy in hospitalised patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A randomised clinical trial (RESIST trial). BMC Infect. Dis., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07570-5"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"e068407","article-title":"Atorvastatin versus placebo in patients with covid-19 in intensive care: Randomized controlled trial","volume":"376","author":"Investigators","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27710","article-title":"Survival of the hospitalized patients with COVID-19 receiving atorvastatin: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"94","author":"Ghafoori","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.06.007","article-title":"Effects of statins on clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"104","author":"Sousa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eRW0351","DOI":"10.31744\/einstein_journal\/2023RW0351","article-title":"Effects of statin therapy in hospitalized adult COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"21","author":"Xavier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Einstein"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2009.07.004","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a statin\/caffeine combination against H5N1, H3N2 and H1N1 virus infection in BALB\/c mice","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radigan, K.A., Urich, D., Misharin, A.V., Chiarella, S.E., Soberanes, S., Gonzalez, A., Perlman, H., Wunderink, R.G., Budinger, G.R., and Mutlu, G.M. (2012). The effect of rosuvastatin in a murine model of influenza A infection. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035788"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.01.017","article-title":"Simvastatin and oseltamivir combination therapy does not improve the effectiveness of oseltamivir alone following highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus infection in mice","volume":"439","author":"Belser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23682","article-title":"Simvastatin treatment showed no prophylactic effect in influenza virus-infected mice","volume":"85","author":"Gluck","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2076","article-title":"Protective effect of fluvastatin on influenza virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.03.019","article-title":"Adjunctive therapies and immunomodulatory agents in the management of severe influenza","volume":"98","author":"Hui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwong, J.C., Li, P., and Redelmeier, D.A. (2009). Influenza morbidity and mortality in elderly patients receiving statins: A cohort study. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008087"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brett, S.J., Myles, P., Lim, W.S., Enstone, J.E., Bannister, B., Semple, M.G., Read, R.C., Taylor, B.L., McMenamin, J., and Nicholson, K.G. (2011). Pre-admission statin use and in-hospital severity of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) disease. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018120"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofv028","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv028","article-title":"Statin treatment and mortality: Propensity score-matched analyses of 2007\u20132008 and 2009\u20132010 laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalizations","volume":"2","author":"Laidler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir695","article-title":"Association between use of statins and mortality among patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infections: A multistate study","volume":"205","author":"Vandermeer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03684-y","article-title":"Statins and outcomes of hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed 2017-2018 influenza","volume":"38","author":"Atamna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy100","article-title":"Statin Use and Risks of Influenza-Related Outcomes Among Older Adults Receiving Standard-Dose or High-Dose Influenza Vaccines Through Medicare During 2010\u20132015","volume":"67","author":"Izurieta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4112","article-title":"The effect of statins on influenza-like illness morbidity and mortality","volume":"26","author":"Brassard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"1513","article-title":"The effect of statins on the prevalence and mortality of influenza virus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Mannarino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.4067\/s0716-10182022000200321","article-title":"Statins and influenza mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Masson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Infectol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y.J., Chen, C.Y., Yang, J.H., and Chiu, Y.F. (2022). Modulating cholesterol-rich lipid rafts to disrupt influenza A virus infection. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.982264"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.12.71","article-title":"Effect of statin treatments on highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, seasonal and H1N1pdm09 virus infections in BALB\/c mice","volume":"7","author":"Kumaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohd Jaafar, F., Monsion, B., Belhouchet, M., Mertens, P.P.C., and Attoui, H. (2021). Inhibition of Orbivirus Replication by Fluvastatin and Identification of the Key Elements of the Mevalonate Pathway Involved. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081437"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.03.025","article-title":"Cholesterol biosynthesis modulation regulates dengue viral replication","volume":"389","author":"Rothwell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Gutierrez, M., Correa-Londono, L.A., Castellanos, J.E., Gallego-Gomez, J.C., and Osorio, J.E. (2014). Lovastatin delays infection and increases survival rates in AG129 mice infected with dengue virus serotype 2. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087412"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espano, E., and Kim, J.K. (2022). Effects of Statin Combinations on Zika Virus Infection in Vero Cells. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15010050"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osuna-Ramos, J.F., Farfan-Morales, C.N., Cordero-Rivera, C.D., De Jesus-Gonzalez, L.A., Reyes-Ruiz, J.M., Hurtado-Monzon, A.M., Palacios-Rapalo, S.N., Jimenez-Camacho, R., Meraz-Rios, M.A., and Del Angel, R.M. (2023). Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs as Potential Antivirals: A Repurposing Approach against Flavivirus Infections. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071465"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8587","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00005-09","article-title":"Role of cholesterol pathways in norovirus replication","volume":"83","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, K., Wang, Q., Kim, Y., Scheuer, K., Zhang, Z., Shen, Q., Chang, K.O., and Saif, L.J. (2012). The effects of simvastatin or interferon-\u03b1 on infectivity of human norovirus using a gnotobiotic pig model for the study of antivirals. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041619"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.054080-0","article-title":"Median infectious dose of human norovirus GII.4 in gnotobiotic pigs is decreased by simvastatin treatment and increased by age","volume":"94","author":"Bui","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kocher, J., Castellucci, T.B., Wen, K., Li, G., Yang, X., Lei, S., Jiang, X., and Yuan, L. (2021). Simvastatin Reduces Protection and Intestinal T Cell Responses Induced by a Norovirus P Particle Vaccine in Gnotobiotic Pigs. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070829"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2012.106","article-title":"Atorvastatin inhibits proliferation and apoptosis, but induces senescence in hepatic myofibroblasts and thereby attenuates hepatic fibrosis in rats","volume":"92","author":"Klein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.08.026","article-title":"The transcription factor KLF2 mediates hepatic endothelial protection and paracrine endothelial-stellate cell deactivation induced by statins","volume":"58","author":"Marrone","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5495","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01880-08","article-title":"Impaired cholesterol biosynthesis in a neuronal cell line persistently infected with measles virus","volume":"83","author":"Robinzon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ949","article-title":"Lovastatin for the Treatment of Adult Patients With Dengue: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"62","author":"Whitehorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chia, P.Y., Htun, H.L., Ling, W.P., Leo, Y.S., Yeo, T.W., and Lye, D.C.B. (2018). Hyperlipidemia, statin use and dengue severity. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35334-2"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogovic, P., Lusa, L., Stupica, D., Rojko, T., Korva, M., Avsic-Zupanc, T., Strle, K., Wormser, G.P., and Strle, F. (2018). Impact of pre-existing treatment with statins on the course and outcome of tick-borne encephalitis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204773"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fedson, D.S., Jacobson, J.R., Rordam, O.M., and Opal, S.M. (2015). Treating the Host Response to Ebola Virus Disease with Generic Statins and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers. mBio, 6.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00716-15"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.04.019","article-title":"Treating Ebola patients: A \u2018bottom up\u2019 approach using generic statins and angiotensin receptor blockers","volume":"36","author":"Fedson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810000993","article-title":"Norovirus disease associated with excess mortality and use of statins: A retrospective cohort study of an outbreak following a pilgrimage to Lourdes","volume":"139","author":"Rondy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.12.007","article-title":"Simvastatin enhances hepatic nitric oxide production and decreases the hepatic vascular tone in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"126","author":"Zafra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.04.039","article-title":"Statin Use and Risk of Cirrhosis and Related Complications in Patients With Chronic Liver Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Y., Yang, X., Liang, H., and Li, D. (2019). Comprehensive evaluation of effects and safety of statin on the progression of liver cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-019-1147-1"},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Statin therapy in chronic viral hepatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of nine studies with 195,602 participants","volume":"53","author":"Shojaie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.179","article-title":"Statins Reduce the Risk of Cirrhosis and Its Decompensation in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients: A Nationwide Cohort Study","volume":"111","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29172","article-title":"Statins decrease the risk of decompensation in hepatitis B virus- and hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis: A population-based study","volume":"66","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10197-4","article-title":"Statins associate with better clinical outcomes in chronic hepatitis B patients with HBsAg seroclearance","volume":"15","author":"Cheung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2020.19656","article-title":"Statins in Hepatitis B or C Patients Is Associated With Reduced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-022-00460-0","article-title":"Can statins lessen the burden of virus mediated cancers?","volume":"17","author":"Clark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Agents Cancer"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2003.12.058","article-title":"Statins lower the risk of developing Alzheimer\u2019s disease by limiting lipid raft endocytosis and decreasing the neuronal spread of Herpes simplex virus type 1","volume":"64","author":"Hill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit745","article-title":"Statins and the risk of herpes zoster: A population-based cohort study","volume":"58","author":"Antoniou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1086\/649005","article-title":"High serum cholesterol levels are associated with herpes zoster infection after heart transplantation","volume":"50","author":"Mandrekar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00050-4","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus among patients with cirrhosis at country, region, and global levels: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Alberts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14341","article-title":"Statins reduce the risk of liver decompensation and death in chronic viral hepatitis: A propensity score weighted landmark analysis","volume":"46","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2017.07.004","article-title":"Statin use and virus-related cirrhosis: A systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409834102","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus RNA replication is regulated by host geranylgeranylation and fatty acids","volume":"102","author":"Kapadia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704173","article-title":"Rho-dependent inhibition of the induction of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)","volume":"133","author":"Eberlein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e022897","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022897","article-title":"Association between statin use and herpes zoster: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.06.107","article-title":"Role of simvastatin and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin [corrected] on inhibition of poliovirus infection","volume":"347","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2001","article-title":"The immune system in atherosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Hansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2008.05.001","article-title":"Insulin resistance and atherosclerosis","volume":"37","author":"Razani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.545","article-title":"Influenza-like illness as a trigger for ischemic stroke","volume":"5","author":"Boehme","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030429","article-title":"Infection as a Stroke Risk Factor and Determinant of Outcome After Stroke","volume":"51","author":"Elkind","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/10\/3\/73\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:50:51Z","timestamp":1760028651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/10\/3\/73"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed10030073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed10030073","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]}}}