{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:13:17Z","timestamp":1787029997932,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"END Fund","award":["2022 07 25 EF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022 07 25 EF"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Schistosomiasis (SCH) and soil transmitted helminthiasis (STH) have been targeted for elimination as a public health problem (EPHP) within the World Health Organization (WHO)\u2019s Roadmap for Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) 2021\u20132030. One of the global strategies for the control and elimination of these diseases is the mass administration of praziquantel and albendazole\/mebendazole without prior individual diagnosis. To measure the progress towards the 2030 target, we conducted an assessment to determine the impact of the 3\u20135 rounds of annual mass drug administration among school age children in Ekiti State. Such scientific insights into the impact of these treatments will facilitate improved planning and targeting of resources towards reaching the last mile. Methodology: This assessment was conducted in 16 local government areas (LGAs) of Ekiti State between October and November 2023. Samples were collected from pupils in 166 primary and junior secondary schools across 166 wards of the State. Urine and stool samples were collected from 7670 pupils of ages 5 to 14 years, following standard laboratory procedures. Urine membrane filtration techniques were used for urine preparation while the Kato\u2013Katz technique was used for stool preparation. A novel AiDx digital microscope was used to examine the presence of any ova in the prepared specimen. Parasite ova in urine were reported as the number of ova\/10 mL of urine, and were categorized as light infection (\u02c250 ova\/10 mL of urine) or heavy infection (&gt;50 ova\/10 mL of urine) while ova of parasites in stool samples were reported as eggs per gram of stool (EPG) and categorized into light, moderate and heavy infection. Results: Overall, 0.76% (0.56\u20130.95) at 95% CI of the 7670 respondents were infected with Schistosomia haematobium. No Schistosoma mansoni infection was recorded in the study. Similarly, 3.9% (3.43\u20134.29) at 95% CI were infected with STHs. The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis had significantly reduced from 8.2% in 2008 to 0.8%, while the overall prevalence of STHs significantly reduced from 30.9% to 3.9% with Ascaris lumbricoides being the dominant species of STH. In the 16 LGAs assessed, Ekiti West had the highest S. haematobium prevalence of 4.26%. Ise\/Orun and Oye ranked second and third with a prevalence of 3.48% and 2.40% respectively, while all other LGAs had &lt;1% prevalence. The prevalence of STHs was highest in Ekiti-West with a prevalence of 10.45% while Emure and Ikole Local Governments had the lowest prevalence of 0.31% and 0.38%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of schistosomiasis between male (0.76%) and female (0.75%) as p \u2265 0.05. Similarly, the difference in prevalence for STH among males (3.95%) was not significantly different from their female counterparts (3.77%), p \u2265 0.05. Conclusions: Based on the WHO guidelines, this study demonstrated that only three LGAs require continued MDA every 2\/3 years, seven require only surveillance while six are now non-endemic for schistosomiasis. Similarly, two of the LGAs require one round of MDA yearly, eight LGAs need one round of MDA every two to three years and six LGAs are now below the treatment threshold and no longer require treatment for STH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10040085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T10:53:54Z","timestamp":1742900034000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Schistosomiasis and Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis Among School Age Children: Impact of 3\u20135 Annual Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Ekiti State, Southwest Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5392-3819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomon Monday","family":"Jacob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NTD Division, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja 900242, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4007-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan-Carel","family":"Diehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gleb","family":"Vdovine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands"},{"name":"AiDx Medical BV, 2641 KM Pijnacker, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temitope","family":"Agbana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands"},{"name":"AiDx Medical BV, 2641 KM Pijnacker, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0244-1616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Popoola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AiDx Medical BV, 2641 KM Pijnacker, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satyajith","family":"Jujjavarapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AiDx Medical BV, 2641 KM Pijnacker, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7010-6340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Consultant, Lake Jackson, TX 77566, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akande Oladimeji","family":"Ajayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti 362103, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph O.","family":"Fadare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti 362103, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adebowale F.","family":"Akinwumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti 362103, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saheed","family":"Animashaun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community and Family Health Department, Ekiti State Ministry of Health, Ado Ekiti 360101, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Olamiju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mission to Save the Helpless (MITOSATH), Jos 930001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9080-0997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moses Oluwaseun","family":"Aderogba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ending Neglected Diseases (END) Fund, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Makau-Barasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ending Neglected Diseases (END) Fund, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70521-7","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and water resources development: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk","volume":"6","author":"Steinmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hotez, P.J., and Yamey, G. (2009). The evolving scope of PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000379"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO (2002). Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis: Report of a WHO Expert Committee."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182098003576","article-title":"Adult resistance to schistosomiasis mansoni: Age-dependence to reinfection remains constant in communities with diverse exposure patterns","volume":"118","author":"Kabatereine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Lackey, E.K., and Horrall, S. (2025). Schistosomiasis. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing. Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554434\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abossie, A., and Seid, M. (2014). Assessment of the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis and associated risk factors among primary school children in Chencha town, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-166"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2012.02.006","article-title":"Nematode infections: Soil-transmitted helminths and trichinella","volume":"26","author":"Knopp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68653-4","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections: Ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm","volume":"367","author":"Bethony","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.10.002","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections: Updating the global picture","volume":"19","author":"Brooker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"WHO (2006). Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis: Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals\u2014A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"WHO-AFRO (2014). Guide for Mapping Neglected Tropical Diseases Targeted by Preventive Chemotherapy in the African Region."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2025, January 21). Lauren Thomas Systematic Sampling|A Step-by-Step Guide with Examples 2020. Revised 2023, Available online: https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/author\/laurenthomas."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90004-U","article-title":"Urinary schistosomiasis: Testing with urine filtration and reagent sticks for haematuria provides a comparable prevalence estimate","volume":"53","author":"Lengeler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1991). Basic laboratory methods in medical parasitology."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montresor, A., Deol, A., \u00e0 Porta, N., Lethanh, N., and Jankovic, D. (2016). Markov Model Predicts Changes in STH Prevalence during Control Activities Even with a Reduced Amount of Baseline Information. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004371"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makau-Barasa, L., Assefa, L., Aderogba, M., Bell, D., Solomon, J., Urude, R.O., Nebe, O.J., A-Enegela, J., Damen, J.G., and Popoola, S. (2023). Performance evaluation of the AiDx multi-diagnostic automated microscope for the detection of schistosomiasis in Abuja, Nigeria. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42049-6"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onasanya, A., Bengtson, M., Agbana, T., Oladunni, O., van Engelen, J., Oladepo, O., and Diehl, J.C. (2023). Towards Inclusive Diagnostics for Neglected Tropical Diseases: User Experience of a New Digital Diagnostic Device in Low-Income Settings. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8030176"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). Guideline on Control and Elimination of Human Schistosomiasis 2022, electronic version."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). Report of a Meeting to Review the Results of Studies on the Treatment of Schistosomiasis in Preschool-Age Children."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/14615517.2012.666035","article-title":"Health impact assessment: The state of the art","volume":"30","author":"Viliani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Impact Assess. Proj. Apprais."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773214Y.0000000149","article-title":"Water-based interventions for schistosomiasis control","volume":"108","author":"Evan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Path Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimes, J.E., Croll, D., Harrison, W.E., Utzinger, J., Freeman, M.C., and Templeton, M.R. (2014). The relationship between water, sanitation and schistosomiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003296"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.09.004","article-title":"Tailoring water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) targets for soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis control","volume":"34","author":"Campbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625255","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2625255","article-title":"Efficacy of Praziquantel for the Treatment of Human Schistosomiasis in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2021","author":"Hailegebriel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"631","article-title":"Efficacy of Praziquantel Treatment and Schistosoma Mansoni Infection among Primary School Children in Kemisse Town, Northeast Ethiopia","volume":"32","author":"Berhanu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"124","article-title":"Epidemiological mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis for intervention strategies in Nigeria","volume":"40","author":"Nduka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nig. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01779-8","article-title":"Geographical variation in Ascaris lumbricoides fecundity and its implications for helminth control","volume":"16","author":"Hall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bundy, D.A.P., de Silva, N., Appleby, L.J., and Brooker, S.J. (2020). Intestinal Nematodes: Ascariasis. Hunter\u2019s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-55512-8.00112-5"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/10\/4\/85\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:58:53Z","timestamp":1760029133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/10\/4\/85"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed10040085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed10040085","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]]}}}