{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T04:01:22Z","timestamp":1794024082237,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado (SIP) del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (IPN)","award":["20240377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240377"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Mucormycosis is a rare but life-threatening fungal infection, particularly in neonates, due to their undeveloped immune system. This systematic review aims to analyze the risk factors, clinical presentations, treatments, and outcomes of neonatal mucormycosis reported between 2004 and 2024. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science following PRISMA guidelines. Only studies reporting cases of mucormycosis in neonates (\u226428 days old) were included. Data on risk factors, clinical features, diagnostic methods, antifungal therapies, surgical interventions, and outcomes were extracted and analyzed. Results: A total of 44 studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 61 neonatal cases. The most common clinical presentations were gastrointestinal (n = 39), cutaneous (n = 19), rhino-orbito-cerebral (n = 2), and disseminated mucormycosis (n = 1). Diagnosis was primarily based on histopathology (93.4%) and fungal culture (26.2%). The main antifungal treatment was liposomal amphotericin B (63.9%), often combined with surgical debridement (60.6%). Mortality rates remained high (47.5%), particularly in cases of prematurely extreme neonates with angioinvasive disease or delayed diagnosis. Conclusions: Neonatal mucormycosis remains a severe condition with high morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis through a combination of clinical suspicion and laboratory confirmation, along with prompt antifungal therapy and surgical management, apparently is crucial for improving outcomes. Further studies are needed to optimize treatment strategies and improve neonatal survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10040086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T12:18:52Z","timestamp":1742905132000},"page":"86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neonatal Mucormycosis: A Rare but Highly Lethal Fungal Infection in Term and Preterm Newborns\u2014A 20-Year Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Valdez-Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Micolog\u00eda, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"},{"name":"Hospital General del Zona 33, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Nayarit 63735, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica Ingrid","family":"Santoyo-Alejandre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General del Zona 33, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Nayarit 63735, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2992-9564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Arenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Micolog\u00eda, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Erika","family":"Fuentes-Venado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Servicio de Medicina F\u00edsica y Rehabilitaci\u00f3n, Hospital General de Zona No 197, Texcoco 56160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0729-0031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tito","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Lozada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Ginecolog\u00eda y Obstetricia, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social para el Bienestar (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Carretera Federal M\u00e9xico-Puebla Km 34.5, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Bastida-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Laboratorio Estatal de Salud P\u00fablica del Estado de M\u00e9xico, Toluca de Lerdo 50130, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5893-8566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Camelia","family":"Calzada-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7298-158X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Vithas, Grupo Hospitalario Vithas, 28043 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Efficiency, Quality, and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Servizo Galego de Sa\u00fade-Universidade de Vigo (UVIGO), 36213 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5210-5395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Pinto-Almaz\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Vithas, Grupo Hospitalario Vithas, 28043 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2018.03.009","article-title":"Recent advances in the pathogenesis of mucormycoses","volume":"40","author":"Petrikkos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. 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