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National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R01AI132323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI132323"]}]},{"name":"Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["D43TW009345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW009345"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Insect-borne viruses may account for a significant proportion of non-malaria and non-bacterial febrile illnesses in Liberia. Although the presence of many arthropod vectors has been documented, the collective burden of arbovirus infections and baseline pre-existing immunity remains enigmatic. Our goal was to determine the seroprevalence of arbovirus exposure across the country using a resource-sparing, multiplex immunoassay to determine IgG responses to immunodominant antigens. 532 human serum samples, from healthy adults, collected from 10 counties across Liberia, were measured for IgG reactivity against antigens of eight common flavi-, alpha-, and orthobunya\/nairoviruses suspected to be present in West Africa. Approximately 32.5% of our samples were reactive to alphavirus (CHIKV) E2, ~7% were reactive separately to West Nile (WNV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) NS1, while 4.3 and 3.2% were reactive to Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) N and Dengue virus-2 (DENV-2) NS1, respectively. Altogether, 21.6% of our samples were reactive to \u22651 flavivirus NS1s. Of the CHIKV E2 reactive samples, 8.5% were also reactive to at least one flavivirus NS1, and six samples were concurrently reactive to antigens of all three arbovirus groups, suggesting a high burden of multiple arbovirus infections for some participants. These insights suggest the presence of these four arbovirus families in Liberia with low and moderate rates of flavi- and alphavirus infections, respectively, in healthy adults. Further confirmational investigation, such as mosquito surveillance or other serological tests, is warranted and should be conducted before initiating additional flavivirus vaccination campaigns. The findings of these studies can help guide healthcare resource mobilization, vector control, and animal husbandry practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10040092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T14:59:57Z","timestamp":1743778797000},"page":"92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Baseline Seroprevalence of Arboviruses in Liberia Using a Multiplex IgG Immunoassay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7118-9803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"To","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varney M.","family":"Kamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Medical Science, T.J.R Faulkner College of Science and Technology, University of Liberia, Fendall 1000, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davidetta M.","family":"Tekah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Medical Science, T.J.R Faulkner College of Science and Technology, University of Liberia, Fendall 1000, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Jalloh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Medical Science, T.J.R Faulkner College of Science and Technology, University of Liberia, Fendall 1000, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salematu B.","family":"Kamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Medical Science, T.J.R Faulkner College of Science and Technology, University of Liberia, Fendall 1000, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7110-657X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teri Ann S.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aquena H.","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4083-0802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludwig I.","family":"Mayerlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4181-8648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle M.","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1510-1125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeong Jun","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4864-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bode","family":"Shobayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia 1000, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Teahton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia 1000, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brien K.","family":"Haun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"},{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Kung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4917-991X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"Berestecky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Medical Science, T.J.R Faulkner College of Science and Technology, University of Liberia, Fendall 1000, Liberia"},{"name":"Math & Science Department, Kapiolani Community College, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2044-2784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivek R.","family":"Nerurkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. 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