{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:56:23Z","timestamp":1792806983499,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas project","award":["CB21\/13\/00056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/00056"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00nd8zg79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas project","award":["2021\/004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/004"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00nd8zg79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas project","award":["101062347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101062347"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00nd8zg79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"ISCIII, Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["CB21\/13\/00056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/00056"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII, Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["2021\/004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/004"]}]},{"name":"ISCIII, Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["101062347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101062347"]}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU, Madrid, Spain","award":["CB21\/13\/00056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/00056"]}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU, Madrid, Spain","award":["2021\/004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/004"]}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU, Madrid, Spain","award":["101062347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101062347"]}]},{"name":"Ayudas para Grupos de Investigaci\u00f3n de Excelencia, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain","award":["CB21\/13\/00056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/00056"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0097mvx21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ayudas para Grupos de Investigaci\u00f3n de Excelencia, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain","award":["2021\/004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/004"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0097mvx21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ayudas para Grupos de Investigaci\u00f3n de Excelencia, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain","award":["101062347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101062347"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0097mvx21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions program (Horizon Europe)","award":["CB21\/13\/00056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/00056"]}]},{"name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions program (Horizon Europe)","award":["2021\/004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/004"]}]},{"name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions program (Horizon Europe)","award":["101062347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101062347"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The trematodes Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica are transmitted by lymnaeid snails and cause fascioliasis in livestock and humans. Human infection is emerging in southern and southeastern Asia. In India, the number of case reports has increased since 1993. This multidisciplinary study analyzes the epidemiological scenario of human infection. The study reviews the total of 55 fascioliasis patients, their characteristics, and geographical distribution. Causes underlying this emergence are assessed by analyzing (i) the climate change suffered by India based on 40-year-data from meteorological stations, and (ii) the geographical fascioliasis hotspots according to archeological\u2013historical records about thousands of years of pack animal movements. The review suggests frequent misdiagnosis of the wide lowland-distributed F. gigantica with F. hepatica and emphasizes the need to obtain anamnesic information about the locality of residence and the infection source. Prevalence appears to be higher in females and in the 30\u201340-year age group. The time elapsed between symptom onset and diagnosis varied from 10 days to 5 years (mean 9.2 months). Infection was diagnosed by egg finding (in 12 cases), adult finding (28), serology (3), and clinics and image techniques (12). Climate diagrams and the Wb-bs forecast index show higher temperatures favoring the warm condition-preferring main snail vector Radix luteola and a precipitation increase due to fewer rainy days but more days of extreme rainfall, leading to increasing surface water availability and favoring fascioliasis transmission. Climate trends indicate a risk of future increasing fascioliasis emergence, including a seasonal infection risk from June\u2013July to October\u2013November. Geographical zones of high human infection risk defined by archeological\u2013historical analyses concern: (i) the Indo-Gangetic Plains and corridors used by the old Grand Trunk Road and Daksinapatha Road, (ii) northern mountainous areas by connections with the Silk Road and Tea-Horse Road, and (iii) the hinterlands of western and eastern seaport cities involved in the past Maritime Silk Road. Routes and nodes are illustrated, all transhumant\u2013nomadic\u2013pastoralist groups are detailed, and livestock prevalences per state are given. A baseline defining areas and seasons of high infection risk is established for the first time in India. This is henceforth expected to be helpful for physicians, prevention measures, control initiatives, and recommendations for health administration officers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10050123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T07:44:23Z","timestamp":1746171863000},"page":"123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Emerging Human Fascioliasis in India: Review of Case Reports, Climate Change Impact, and Geo-Historical Correlation Defining Areas and Seasons of High Infection Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1685-7004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Mas-Coma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C\/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabell\u00f3n 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6699-7382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo F.","family":"Cuervo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C\/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabell\u00f3n 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8968-192X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Purna Bahadur","family":"Chetri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology-North East Centre for Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785013, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5559-289X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timir","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2266-6295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albis Francesco","family":"Gabrielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme (NTD), World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2347-7269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Dolores","family":"Bargues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C\/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabell\u00f3n 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mas-Coma, S., Valero, M.A., and Bargues, M.D. (2022). Human and animal fascioliasis: Origins and worldwide evolving scenario. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 35.","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00088-19"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bargues, M.D., Halajian, A., Artigas, P., Luus-Powell, W.J., Valero, M.A., and Mas-Coma, S. (2022). Paleobiogeographical origins of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in light of new DNA sequence characteristics of F. nyanzae from hippopotamus. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.990872"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.02.006","article-title":"The influence of liver fluke infection on production in sheep and cattle: A meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Hayward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000869","article-title":"Diagnosis of human fascioliasis by stool and blood techniques: Update for the present global scenario","volume":"141","author":"Bargues","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, March 13). Sustaining the Drive to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/77950."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, March 13). Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals. A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240010352."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv110","article-title":"Higher physiopathogenicity by Fasciola gigantica than by the genetically close F. hepatica: Experimental long-term follow-up of biochemical markers","volume":"110","author":"Valero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800099-1.00002-8","article-title":"Neurological and ocular fascioliasis in humans","volume":"84","author":"Agramunt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.07.018","article-title":"Clinical and biological abnormalities in patients after fasciolosis treatment","volume":"36","author":"Rondelaud","year":"2006","journal-title":"M\u00e9d. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angles, R., Buchon, P., Valero, M.A., Bargues, M.D., and Mas-Coma, S. (2022). One Health action against human fascioliasis in the Bolivian Altiplano: Food, water, housing, behavioural traditions, social aspects, and livestock management linked to disease transmission and infection sources. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031120"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bargues, M.D., Valero, M.A., Trueba, G.A., Fornasini, M., Villavicencio, A.F., Guaman, R., De Elias-Escribano, A., Perez-Crespo, I., Artigas, P., and Mas-Coma, S. (2021). DNA multi-marker genotyping and CIAS morphometric phenotyping of Fasciola gigantica-sized flukes from Ecuador, with an analysis of the Radix absence in the New World and the evolutionary lymnaeid snail vector filter. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092495"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human fascioliasis: Epidemiological patterns in human endemic areas of South America, Africa and Asia","volume":"35","year":"2004","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000914","article-title":"Human fascioliasis infection sources, their diversity, incidence factors, analytical methods and prevention measures","volume":"145","author":"Bargues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mas-Coma, S., Buchon, P., Funatsu, I.R., Angles, R., Artigas, P., Valero, M.A., and Bargues, M.D. (2020). Sheep and cattle reservoirs in the highest human fascioliasis hyperendemic area: Experimental transmission capacity, field epidemiology, and control within a One Health initiative in Bolivia. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.583204"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100249","article-title":"Domestic pig prioritized in one health action against fascioliasis in human endemic areas: Experimental assessment of transmission capacity and epidemiological evaluation of reservoir role","volume":"13","author":"Funatsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100869","article-title":"A multidisciplinary analysis of over 53,000 fascioliasis patients along the 1995\u20132019 countrywide spread in Vietnam defines a new epidemiological baseline for One Health approaches","volume":"19","author":"De","year":"2024","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100614","article-title":"Wide variation of heterozygotic genotypes of recent fasciolid hybrids from livestock in Bangladesh assessed by rDNA internal transcribed spacer region sequencing and cloning","volume":"17","author":"Ahasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100675","article-title":"Human fascioliasis emergence in southern Asia: Complete nuclear rDNA spacer and mtDNA gene sequences prove Indian patient infection related to fluke hybridization in northeastern India and Bangladesh","volume":"18","author":"Bargues","year":"2024","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"129","article-title":"Development of a forecast system for fasciolosis in central Chile using remote sensing and climatic data in a geographic information system","volume":"59","author":"Fuentes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Res. Rev. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2014.22","article-title":"Impact of climate change and man-made irrigation systems on the transmission risk, long-term trend and seasonality of human and animal fascioliasis in Pakistan","volume":"8","author":"Afshan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geospat. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06514-z","article-title":"Global warming induced spread of the highest human fascioliasis hyperendemic area","volume":"17","author":"Cuervo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, March 13). Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases. Application for Donated Triclabendazole. Fascioliasis. World Health Organization Website, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases\/foodborne-trematode-infections\/application-for-donated-triclabendazole."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"469","article-title":"Liver-fluke infestation (Fasciola hepatica)","volume":"17","author":"Bhambal","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ind. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"113","article-title":"Fasciola gigantica in gallbladder","volume":"6","author":"Gupta","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ind. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)91090-5","article-title":"An international traveller with fever, abdominal pain, eosinophilia, and a liver lesion","volume":"105","author":"Stark","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"79","article-title":"Obstructive jaundice due to Fasciola hepatica","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ind. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"161","article-title":"Human distomatosis due to Fasciola hepatica infection in Assam, India","volume":"29","author":"Narain","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Commun. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"164","article-title":"Fascioliasis: A case from central Uttar Pradesh","volume":"20","author":"Elhence","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ind. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E706","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000230247.42067.6C","article-title":"Ectopic fascioliasis in the dorsal spine: Case report","volume":"59","author":"Vatsal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"92","article-title":"Non-resolving liver abscess with Echinococcus cross-reactivity in a non-endemic region","volume":"26","author":"Das","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ind. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"398","article-title":"Acute fascioliasis\u2013Rare cause of obstructive jaundice\u2013A case report","volume":"51","author":"Patil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bombay Hosp. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9371.55227","article-title":"Significance of Charcot Leyden crystals in hepatic aspirates","volume":"26","author":"Misra","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-010-0029-9","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound in biliary fasciolosis","volume":"29","author":"Gandhi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ind. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E103","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1243907","article-title":"Hepatobiliary fascioliasis treated at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography","volume":"42","author":"Goenka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.97180","article-title":"Cases of human fascioliasis in India: Tip of the iceberg","volume":"58","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"234","article-title":"Access to medicines for orphan diseases: Experience in the management of a case of Fasciola hepatica in Mumbai, Maharashtra","volume":"25","author":"Thatte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med. J. India"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-9261.107012","article-title":"Biliary fascioliasis: Management in a child using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography","volume":"18","author":"Parelkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Indian Assoc. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajg.2012.12.005","article-title":"Hepatobiliary fascioliasis in non-endemic zones: A surprise diagnosis","volume":"14","author":"Jha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arab. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"91","article-title":"Human fascioliasis with biliary complications","volume":"45","author":"Kumari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Commun. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.138802","article-title":"Cutaneous images of interest of fasciolosis from India","volume":"57","author":"Ghildiyal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. J. Pathol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"122","article-title":"Biliary colic with dilated common bile duct: Simple \u201csheepish\u201d problem?","volume":"112","author":"Ashdhir","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ind. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-015-1745-z","article-title":"Liver lesions, fever and eosinophilia caused by Fasciola hepatica in a 15-year-old girl","volume":"82","author":"Madhumitha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2015.08.009","article-title":"Biliary Fasciola gigantica infestation in a nonendemic area -- An intraoperative surprise","volume":"50","author":"Menon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"20","article-title":"Incidental human fascioliasis in a patient of blunt trauma abdomen: First case report","volume":"8","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.7869\/tg.490","article-title":"Human fascioliasis: Diagnosis by typical computed tomography features and response to nitazoxanide in 16 patients from India","volume":"39","author":"Ramanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"597","article-title":"Hepatobiliary fascioliasis: A neglected tropical disease","volume":"5","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13521","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.13521","article-title":"An unusual cause of graft loss in pediatric liver transplant recipient\u2013Fasciola hepatica","volume":"23","author":"Kelgeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Ahmad, F., and Bakhtiyar, Y. (2019). Parasitic zoonosis prevalent in Jammu and Kashmir: A review. Horizons in Zoological Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir. Chapter 22."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"TD01","article-title":"A rare case of Fasciola hepatica and its treatment","volume":"15","author":"Malingham","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2020.12.010","article-title":"Human fascioliasis: Report of two cases from Kashmir Valley","volume":"11","author":"Yattoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4103\/tp.TP_25_20","article-title":"Fasciola hepatica association with gallbladder malignancy: A rare case report","volume":"11","author":"Swain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmmb.2022.07.012","article-title":"A young female with fever, abdominal pain and eosinophilia","volume":"40","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"228","article-title":"Liver fluke infection: Case series from a single centre in western India","volume":"43","author":"Chavda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1786718","article-title":"Eosinophilia in an Indian patient with helminthic infection unresponsive to albendazole and diethylcarbamazine: An enigmatic case of human fascioliasis","volume":"14","author":"Ray","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Infect."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2024.102336","article-title":"Hepatic space occupying lesion caused by Fasciola hepatica: A case report from North India. In 32nd Annual Meeting of Indian National Association for the Study of the Liver (INASL 2024), S159, Abstract ID 487","volume":"14","author":"Meher","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.4103\/CIDS.CIDS_59_23","article-title":"Liver fluke causing obstructive jaundice in a student from Jharkhand","volume":"1","author":"Pal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Version 2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Monthly Precipitation Analysis (1979-Present)","volume":"4","author":"Adler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeor."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170122","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.122","article-title":"Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas","volume":"4","author":"Karger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Harris, I.C., Jones, P.D., and Osborn, T. (2024). CRU TS4.08: Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Time-Series (TS) Version 4.08 of high-Resolution Gridded Data of Month-By-Month Variation in Climate (January 1901\u2013December 2023), NERC EDS Centre for Environmental Data Analysis, University of East Anglia Climatic Research Unit. Available online: https:\/\/catalogue.ceda.ac.uk\/uuid\/715abce1604a42f396f81db83aeb2a4b\/."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.03.024","article-title":"Climate change effects on trematodiases, with emphasis on zoonotic fascioliasis and schistosomiasis","volume":"163","author":"Valero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"591","article-title":"A method of forecasting the incidence of fascioliasis in Anglesey","volume":"71","author":"Ollerenshaw","year":"1959","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"303","article-title":"Quelques aspects des relations entre le climat et l\u2019incidence de la fasciolose en Europe","volume":"40","author":"Ollerenshaw","year":"1971","journal-title":"Cah. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"83","article-title":"A comment on the epidemiology of Fasciola hepatica in Italy","volume":"20","author":"Ollerenshaw","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ann. Fac. Med. Vet. Univ. Torino"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Fascioliasis in cattle in Louisiana: Development of a system to predict disease risk by climate, using the Thornthwaite water budget","volume":"48","author":"Malone","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(98)00137-X","article-title":"A geographic information system on the potential distribution and abundance of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in east Africa based on Food and Agriculture Organization databases","volume":"78","author":"Malone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X0001899X","article-title":"The emergence of the cercariae of Fasciola hepatica from the snail Limnaea truncatula","volume":"25","author":"Kendall","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"197","article-title":"Effects of seasonal variations of temperature on development of Fasciola gigantica in the snail host in the Kenyan highlands","volume":"11","author":"Dinnik","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bull. Epiz. Dis. Afr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1999.11813491","article-title":"Analysis of climatic data and forecast indices for human fascioliasis at very high altitude","volume":"93","author":"Fuentes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(98)00136-8","article-title":"A geographic information system forecast model for strategic control of fasciolosis in Ethiopia","volume":"78","author":"Yilma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.26773","article-title":"Reference crop evapotranspiration from temperature","volume":"1","author":"Hargreaves","year":"1985","journal-title":"Appl. Eng. Agric."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(2000)126:4(265)","article-title":"Estimating solar radiation and evapotranspiration using minimum climatological data","volume":"126","author":"Samani","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(2003)129:1(53)","article-title":"History and evaluation of Hargreaves evapotranspiration equation","volume":"129","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(2004)130:3(184)","article-title":"Assessing reference evapotranspiration by the Hargreaves method in southern Spain","volume":"130","author":"Vanderlinden","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuervo, P.F., Bargues, M.D., Artigas, P., Buchon, P., Angles, R., and Mas-Coma, S. (2025). Heterogeneous zonal impacts of climate change on a wide hyperendemic area of human and animal fascioliasis assessed within a One Health action for prevention and control. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012820"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neelis, J. (2011). Trade Networks in ancient South Asia. Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks, Koninklijke Brill NV. Chapter 3.","DOI":"10.1163\/ej.9789004181595.i-372"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neelis, J. (2011). Long-distance transmission to Central Asian Silk Routes and China. Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks, Koninklijke Brill NV. Chapter 6.","DOI":"10.1163\/ej.9789004181595.i-372.39"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neelis, J. (2011). Old roads in the northwestern borderlands. Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks, Koninklijke Brill NV. Chapter 4.","DOI":"10.1163\/ej.9789004181595.i-372"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2023). History of Bhubaneswar. Bhubaneswar Guide. A Part of India, Pan India Internet Pvt Ltd.. Available online: https:\/\/www.bhubaneswaronline.in\/guide\/history-of-bhubaneswar."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Suttie, J.M., and Reynolds, S.G. (2003). The western Himalaya. Transhumant Grazing Systems in Temperate Asia, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/Y4856E\/y4856e0e.htm#bm14."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"(2019). Pastoralist and Aadhaar Survey, Centre for Pastoralism, Chaudhari Prem Singh House. Available online: https:\/\/centreforpastoralism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Pastoralist-and-Aadhaar-Survey-May-2019.pdf."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Malhotra, A. (2024). Supporting Pastoralism in India. Blog 211-Moo\u2019ing Forward. Blogs Livestock Extension, Agricultural Extension in South Asia, Centre for Research on Innovation and Science Policy (CRISP). Available online: https:\/\/aesanetwork.org\/blog-211-mooing-forward-supporting-pastoralism-in-india\/."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"84","article-title":"Transhumant pastoralism in northern India: The Gujar case","volume":"30","author":"Gooch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nomadic Peoples"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"1","article-title":"Helminth parasites\u2014A constraint in animal health management in Himachal Pradesh","volume":"8","author":"Jithendran","year":"2000","journal-title":"ENVIS Bull. Himalayan Ecol. Dev."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Suttie, J.M., and Reynolds, S.G. (2003). Migratory goat and sheep rearing in Himachal Pradesh, India. Transhumant Grazing Systems in Temperate Asia, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/y4856e\/y4856e0f.htm#bm15."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"42","article-title":"Pastoralism in India: A Case Study of Shepherd\u2019s Community of Kullu District in Himachal Pradesh","volume":"14","author":"Shardha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Commer. Arts Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1080\/13549839.2022.2162025","article-title":"Trapped within nature: Climatic variability and its impact on traditional livelihood of Gaddi transhumance of Indian Himalayas","volume":"28","author":"Mishra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Local Environ."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Choudhary, S. (2024). Mapping Transhumance in J&K. The Indian Tribal, Madtri Ventures Pvt Ltd.. Available online: https:\/\/theindiantribal.com\/2022\/01\/23\/mapping-transhumance-in-j-and-k\/."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Suttie, J.M., and Reynolds, S.G. (2003). The eastern Himalaya. Transhumant Grazing Systems in Temperate Asia, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/Y4856E\/y4856e0i.htm#bm18."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Suttie, J.M., and Reynolds, S.G. (2003). Transhumant cattle raising in western Bhutan. Transhumant Grazing Systems in Temperate Asia, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/Y4856E\/y4856e0j.htm#bm19."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transhumance, Livelihood and Sustainable Development and Conflict between Formal Institution and Communal Governance: An Evaluative Note on East Himalyan State of Sikkim","volume":"Volume VI","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2011","journal-title":"2011 International Conference on Social Science and Humanity"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-019-02551-1","article-title":"Pastoral yak rearing system is changing with change in climate: An exploration of North Sikkim in Eastern Himalaya","volume":"157","author":"Feroze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/2041-7136-3-13","article-title":"Transhumant agro-pastoralism in Bhutan: Exploring contemporary practices and socio-cultural traditions","volume":"3","author":"Namgay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pastor. Res. Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Bhattacharya, B.K. (2025, March 13). Climate Change Threatens Traditional Way of Life of Brokpa Herders in Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh, Conservation News, Available online: https:\/\/india.mongabay.com\/2020\/01\/climate-change-threatens-traditional-way-of-life-of-brokpa-herders-in-arunachal-pradesh\/#:~:text=\u201cThe%20Brokpa%20yak%20pastoralists%20in,the%20School%20of%20Environment%20and."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"237","article-title":"Yak milk production in North-East India: Prospect of yak herding in Arunachal Pradesh","volume":"40","author":"Choephel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. J. Anim. Prod. Manag."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"27","article-title":"Yak pastoralist (Brokpa) of Arunachal Pradesh: Mobility and institutional arrangement regarding regulation of seasonal use","volume":"4","author":"Dorjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Innovat. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"27","article-title":"Pasture and grazing fee management system of the transhumant Brokpa communities of Arunachal Pradesh (India)","volume":"17","author":"Norbu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rajiv Gandhi Univ. Res J."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"550","article-title":"Grazing and rangeland management: Trans-human adaptations by Brokpa community in fragile. Ecosystems of Arunachal Pradesh","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. J Tradit. Knowl."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Mitra, S. (2025, March 13). Transhumance Sheepmasters: Gadariya Pastoralists of the Rarh. Ways of Living, Sahapedia, New Delhi, 2021. Available online: https:\/\/map.sahapedia.org\/gallery\/Transhumance-Sheepmasters:-Gadariya-Pastoralists-of-the-Rarh\/10775."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"(2022). Challenges for Pastoral Communities in Eastern India, India Water Portal (IWP), Arghyam. Available online: https:\/\/www.indiawaterportal.org\/agriculture\/livelihoods\/challenges-pastoral-communities-eastern-india#:~:text=These%20nomadic%20pastoralists%20traverse%20with,entering%20forest%20and%20grazing%20lands."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"ActionAid (2025, March 13). Zonal Level Convention Addresses Challenges Faced by Pastoral Communities in Eastern India. Ranchi ActionAid Association India: New Delhi, India, 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.csrmandate.org\/zonal-level-convention-addresses-challenges-faced-by-pastoral-communities-in-eastern-india\/."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Adhikari, S. (2024). Pastoral Farming: Rejuvenating the Rural Economy and Creating Alternative Livelihoods for Rural Communities in Jharkhand, LinkedIn. Available online: https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/pastoral-farming-rejuvenating-rural-economy-creating-santu-adhikari-le7af."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.04.005","article-title":"Fluke egg characteristics for the diagnosis of human and animal fascioliasis by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica","volume":"111","author":"Valero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Subba Rao, N.V. (1989). Handbook of Freshwater Mollusks of India, Zoological Survey of India."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Ramakrishna Dey, A. (2007). Handbook on Indian Freshwater Molluscs. Zoological Survey of India."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Periago, M.V., Valero, M.A., Artigas, P., Agramunt, V.H., Bargues, M.D., Curtale, F., and Mas-Coma, S. (2021). Very high fascioliasis intensities in schoolchildren of Nile Delta governorates: The Old World highest burdens found in lowlands. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091210"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"R1","article-title":"Progress in assessment of morbidity due to Fasciola hepatica infection: A review of recent literature","volume":"87","author":"Chen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trop. Dis. Bull."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaf116","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf116","article-title":"The clinical picture caused by Fasciola gigantica: Analysis of 3,250 patients along the 1995\u20132019 countrywide spread in Vietnam","volume":"12","author":"De","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-356.x","article-title":"A population-based coprological study of human fascioliasis in a hyperendemic area of the Bolivian Altiplano","volume":"2","author":"Esteban","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(97)00669-4","article-title":"1997b. Presence of very high prevalence and intensity of infection with Fasciola hepatica among Aymara children from the Northern Bolivian Altiplano","volume":"66","author":"Esteban","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90289-4","article-title":"High endemicity of human fascioliasis between Lake Titicaca and La Paz valley, Bolivia","volume":"93","author":"Esteban","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00870.x","article-title":"High fascioliasis infection in children linked to a man-made irrigation zone in Peru","volume":"7","author":"Esteban","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.07.002","article-title":"Hyperendemic human fascioliasis in Andean valleys: An altitudinal transect analysis in children of Cajamarca province, Peru","volume":"120","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2023.05.009","article-title":"One Health for fascioliasis control in human endemic areas","volume":"39","author":"Valero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-104","article-title":"Human fascioliasis in Argentina: Retrospective overview, critical analysis and baseline for future research","volume":"4","author":"Agramunt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-023-00726-6","article-title":"Fasciola infection unexpectedly found during cholecystectomy: Review on how to avoid increasing surgery interventions in non-human endemic areas","volume":"68","author":"Mowlavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e940581","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.940581","article-title":"Emerging human fascioliasis: A retrospective study of epidemiological findings in Dali, Yunnan province, China (2012\u20132021)","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.429","article-title":"Hyperendemic fascioliasis associated with schistosomiasis in villages in the Nile Delta of Egypt","volume":"69","author":"Esteban","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villegas, F., Angles, R., Barrientos, R., Barrios, G., Valero, M.A., Hamed, K., Gruemingr, H., Ault, S.K., Montresor, A., and Engels, D. (2012). Administration of triclabendazole is safe and effective in controlling fascioliasis in an endemic community of the Bolivian Altiplano. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001720"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valero, M.A., Periago, M.V., Perez-Crespo, I., Angles, R., Villegas, F., Aguirre, C., Strauss, W., Espinoza, J.R., Herrera, P., and Terashima, A. (2012). Field evaluation of a coproantigen detection test for fascioliasis diagnosis and surveillance in human hyperendemic areas of Andean countries. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001812"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0139","article-title":"Early postnatal and preschool age infection by Fasciola spp.: Report of five cases from Vietnam and worldwide review","volume":"103","author":"De","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01151-06","article-title":"Molecular confirmation that Fasciola gigantica can undertake aberrant migrations in human hosts","volume":"45","author":"Le","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"433","article-title":"Distomatose compliqu\u00e9e de p\u00e9ritonite chez un enfant de 13 ans","volume":"42-43","author":"Eliachar","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ann. P\u00e9diatr. Paris"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.4318\/tjg.2011.0226","article-title":"A case of ectopic intraabdominal fascioliasis presented with acute abdomen","volume":"22","author":"Tanir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018001464","article-title":"Numerous Fasciola plasminogen-binding proteins may underlie blood-brain barrier leakage and explain neurological disorder complexity and heterogeneity in the acute and chronic phases of human fascioliasis","volume":"146","author":"Valero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrat, J., Becerro-Recio, D., Torres-Valle, M., Sim\u00f3n, F., Valero, M.A., Bargues, M.D., Mas-Coma, S., Siles-Lucas, M., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Miguel, J. (2023). Fasciola hepatica juveniles interact with the host fibrinolytic system as a potential early-stage invasion mechanism. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010936"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"2190","article-title":"Genetically \u201cpure\u201d Fasciola gigantica discovered in Algeria: DNA multimarker characterization, trans-Saharan introduction from a Sahel origin and spreading risk into northwestern Maghreb countries","volume":"67","author":"Chougar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transb. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-023-00522-x","article-title":"Cancerogenic parasites in veterinary medicine: A narrative literature review","volume":"18","author":"Fonti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Agents Cancer"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2018-0053","article-title":"Human case of Fasciola gigantica-like infection, review of human fascioliasis reports in Nepal, and epidemiological analysis within the South Central Asia","volume":"63","author":"Sah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-196","article-title":"Bovine fasciolosis at increasing altitudes: Parasitological and malacological sampling on the slopes of Mount Elgon, Uganda","volume":"5","author":"Howell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.9734\/BMRJ\/2015\/15274","article-title":"Prevalence and economic impact of bovine fasciolosis at Kampala city abattoir, Central Uganda","volume":"7","author":"Joan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. Microbiol. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"155","article-title":"Fascioliasis in a pregnant woman","volume":"15","author":"Mohan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ind. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1954.11685628","article-title":"Fascioliasis in Pakistan","volume":"43","author":"Kendall","year":"1954","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2018.11.003","article-title":"Fasciola hepatica infection in children actively detected in a survey in rural areas of Mardan district, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa province, northern Pakistan","volume":"69","author":"Qureshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.11.007","article-title":"Animal fascioliasis: Perspectives from high altitudinal regions","volume":"232","author":"Lyngdoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3897\/zse.96.52860","article-title":"Taxonomic assessment of genetically-delineated species of radicine snails (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Lymnaeidae)","volume":"96","author":"Vinarski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoosyst. Evol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761996000100022","article-title":"Thermal effect on the life-cycle parameters of the medically important freshwater snail species Lymnaea (Radix) luteola (Lamarck)","volume":"91","author":"Aziz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"360","article-title":"Maintenance of Radix snails and artificial infection with Fasciola gigantica miracidium in laboratory conditions","volume":"8","author":"Raman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tamilnadu J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"975","article-title":"A preliminary study on occurrence of fresh water snails in different snail habitats in some parts of Puducherry","volume":"7","author":"Latchumikanthan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stud."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bargues, M.D., Gayo, V., Sanchis, J., Artigas, P., Khoubbane, M., Birriel, S., and Mas-Coma, S. (2017). DNA multigene characterization of Fasciola hepatica and Lymnaea neotropica and its fascioliasis transmission capacity in Uruguay, with historical correlation, human report review and infection risk analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005352"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00414-3","article-title":"Buffalo infection by Fasciola gigantica transmitted by Radix acuminata in Uttar Pradesh, India: A molecular tool to improve snail vector epidemiology assessments and control surveillance","volume":"66","author":"Sunita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"101","article-title":"Thermal effects on a medically important snail species Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata Lamarck (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae)","volume":"12","author":"Misra","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Expr. (APEX)"},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"29","article-title":"Prevalence of snails in north eastern and hilly zones of Tamil Nadu, India","volume":"3","author":"Soundararajan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Zool. Stud."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108066","article-title":"Fasciolosis in India: An overview","volume":"222","author":"Lalrinkima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1589-z","article-title":"Human fascioliasis endemic areas in Argentina: Multigene characterisation of the lymnaeid vectors and climatic-environmental assessment of the transmission pattern","volume":"9","author":"Bargues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X17000086","article-title":"Fasciola hepatica infections in cattle and the freshwater snail Galba truncatula from Dakhla Oasis, Egypt","volume":"92","author":"Arafa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"Eckstein, D., K\u00fcnzel, V., and Sch\u00e4fer, L. (2025, March 13). Global Climate Risk Index 2021, Available online: https:\/\/www.germanwatch.org\/en\/19777."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnan, R., Sanjay, J., Gnanaseelan, C., Mujumdar, M., Kulkarni, A., and Chakraborty, S. (2021). Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.. A Report of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-4327-2"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-023-03509-0","article-title":"Adapting nomadic pastoralism to climate change","volume":"176","author":"Tugjamba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.02.016","article-title":"On the relationship between sea surface temperatures, circulation parameters and temperatures over west coast of India","volume":"551\u2013552","author":"Revadekar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"41","article-title":"Relationship between sea surface temperature and surface air temperature over Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean","volume":"16","author":"Jaswal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ind. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(09)69002-3","article-title":"Fasciola, lymnaeids and human fascioliasis, with a global overview on disease transmission, epidemiology, evolutionary genetics, molecular epidemiology and control","volume":"69","author":"Valero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e189","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X20000693","article-title":"Equines as reservoirs of human fascioliasis: Transmission capacity, epidemiology and pathogenicity in Fasciola hepatica infected mules","volume":"94","author":"Neira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.04.028","article-title":"Fasciola hepatica eggs in paleofaeces of the Persian onager Equus hemionus onager, a donkey from Chehrabad archaeological site, dating back to the Sassanid Empire (224-651 AD), in ancient Iran","volume":"62","author":"Askari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"Williams, T. (2014). The Silk Roads: An ICOMOS Thematic Study. International Council on Monuments and Sites\u2013ICOMOS. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization\u2013UNESCO, World Heritage Centre. Available online: https:\/\/publ.icomos.org\/publicomos\/jlbSai?html=Bur&base=technica&ref=42555&file=1225.pdf&path=ICOMOS_WHThematicStudy_SilkRoads_final_lv_201406.pdf."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.29121\/granthaalayah.v3.i3.2015.3028","article-title":"Morphological and histological identification of Fasciola gigantica recovered from liver of infected buffaloes","volume":"3","author":"Pandya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Res.\u2013Granthaaalayah"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.870-874","article-title":"Study on prevalence of fasciolosis in buffaloes at Anand and Ahmedabad districts, Gujarat, India","volume":"8","author":"Pandya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"73","article-title":"Prevalence of fasciolosis in sheep in Nilgiris","volume":"34","author":"Soundararajan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ind. J. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-012-0187-z","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of bovine fasciolosis by Dot-enzyme immuno assay in Chennai, Tamil Nadu","volume":"38","author":"Latchumikanthan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1095-0","article-title":"Elucidation of genetic variability among different isolates of Fasciola gigantica (giant liver fluke) using random-amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction","volume":"103","author":"Gunasekar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630003314","article-title":"Use of sequence motifs as barcodes and secondary structures of Internal Transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2, rDNA) for identification of the Indian liver fluke, Fasciola (Trematoda: Fasciolidae)","volume":"3","author":"Prasad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630006064","article-title":"PCR-based molecular characterization and insilico analysis of food-borne trematode parasites Paragonimus westermani, Fasciolopsis buski and Fasciola gigantica from Northeast India using ITS2 rDNA","volume":"6","author":"Prasad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-013-0276-7","article-title":"Genetic characterization of Fasciola gigantica from different geographical regions of India by ribosomal DNA markers","volume":"39","author":"Raina","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X15000772","article-title":"Molecular characterization of veterinary important trematode and cestode species in the mithun Bos frontalis from north-east India","volume":"90","author":"Chamuah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2015.04.004","article-title":"Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fasciola flukes from eastern India","volume":"64","author":"Hayashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.16-0126","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Fasciola gigantica in Delhi, India and its phylogenetic relation to the species from South Asian countries","volume":"78","author":"Hayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"137","article-title":"Documentation of Radix acuminata as the intermediate host for Fasciola gigantica in Meghalaya, Northeast India","volume":"70","author":"Lyngdoh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(89)90010-9","article-title":"Studies on the prevalence and laboratory transmission of fascioliasis in animals in the Kashmir Valley","volume":"145","author":"Sharma","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"13","article-title":"Epidemiology of ovine fascioliasis in J and K State","volume":"3","author":"Pandit","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"121","article-title":"Prevalence of parasites in sheep and goats at Kathua-Jammu","volume":"17","author":"Khajuria","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"167","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasitic infestation profile of bovines at R.S. Pura, Jammu","volume":"18","author":"Yadav","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"Blench, R. (2001). Pastoralism in the New Millennium, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Overseas Development Institute. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/y2647e\/y2647e00.htm."},{"key":"ref_172","unstructured":"Sharma, V.P., K\u00f6hler-Rollefson, I., and Morton, J. (2025, March 13). Pastoralism in India: A Scoping Study, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/57a08ce2e5274a31e00014fa\/ZC0181b.pdf."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/10\/5\/123\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:26:19Z","timestamp":1760030779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/10\/5\/123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"references-count":172,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed10050123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed10050123","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]}}}