{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T03:42:08Z","timestamp":1780544528982,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SR7-190790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR7-190790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["950-232963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-232963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OS3 \u2013190782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OS3 \u2013190782"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OS3 \u2013190782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OS3 \u2013190782"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED6-190717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED6-190717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chairs Program","award":["SR7-190790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR7-190790"]}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chairs Program","award":["950-232963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-232963"]}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chairs Program","award":["OS3 \u2013190782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OS3 \u2013190782"]}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chairs Program","award":["OS3 \u2013190782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OS3 \u2013190782"]}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chairs Program","award":["ED6-190717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED6-190717"]}]},{"name":"CIHR Research Excellence, Diversity, and Independence (REDI) Early Career Transition Award","award":["SR7-190790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR7-190790"]}]},{"name":"CIHR Research Excellence, Diversity, and Independence (REDI) Early Career Transition Award","award":["950-232963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-232963"]}]},{"name":"CIHR Research Excellence, Diversity, and Independence (REDI) Early Career Transition Award","award":["OS3 \u2013190782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OS3 \u2013190782"]}]},{"name":"CIHR Research Excellence, Diversity, and Independence (REDI) Early Career Transition Award","award":["OS3 \u2013190782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OS3 \u2013190782"]}]},{"name":"CIHR Research Excellence, Diversity, and Independence (REDI) Early Career Transition Award","award":["ED6-190717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED6-190717"]}]},{"name":"University of Manitoba Graduate Fellowship (UMGF)","award":["SR7-190790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR7-190790"]}]},{"name":"University of Manitoba Graduate Fellowship (UMGF)","award":["950-232963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-232963"]}]},{"name":"University of Manitoba Graduate Fellowship (UMGF)","award":["OS3 \u2013190782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OS3 \u2013190782"]}]},{"name":"University of Manitoba Graduate Fellowship (UMGF)","award":["OS3 \u2013190782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OS3 \u2013190782"]}]},{"name":"University of Manitoba Graduate Fellowship (UMGF)","award":["ED6-190717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED6-190717"]}]},{"name":"Dr. Rueda\u2019s CRC funds","award":["SR7-190790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR7-190790"]}]},{"name":"Dr. Rueda\u2019s CRC funds","award":["950-232963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-232963"]}]},{"name":"Dr. Rueda\u2019s CRC funds","award":["OS3 \u2013190782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OS3 \u2013190782"]}]},{"name":"Dr. Rueda\u2019s CRC funds","award":["OS3 \u2013190782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OS3 \u2013190782"]}]},{"name":"Dr. Rueda\u2019s CRC funds","award":["ED6-190717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED6-190717"]}]},{"name":"CIHR Research Excellence, Diversity, and Independence (REDI) Early Career Transition Award","award":["SR7-190790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR7-190790"]}]},{"name":"CIHR Research Excellence, Diversity, and Independence (REDI) Early Career Transition Award","award":["950-232963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-232963"]}]},{"name":"CIHR Research Excellence, Diversity, and Independence (REDI) Early Career Transition Award","award":["OS3 \u2013190782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OS3 \u2013190782"]}]},{"name":"CIHR Research Excellence, Diversity, and Independence (REDI) Early Career Transition Award","award":["OS3 \u2013190782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OS3 \u2013190782"]}]},{"name":"CIHR Research Excellence, Diversity, and Independence (REDI) Early Career Transition Award","award":["ED6-190717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED6-190717"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We aimed to describe trends in M. genitalium prevalence and associated resistance in Canada between 1980 and 2022. Methods: Ecological study and a scoping review. We collected publicly available data published by the governments of all Canadian provinces and territories. We also systematically searched PubMed, Medline, Embase, and grey literature using the keywords \u2018M. genitalium\u2019, \u2018Canada\u2019, and all provinces and territories. We reported M. genitalium prevalence, age, sex, gender, symptoms, coinfections, sample types used for diagnosis, and macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance rates. Results: National or provincial surveillance systems for M. genitalium are absent. Eight studies reported the epidemiology of M. genitalium. The prevalence ranged between 3% in Quebec and 30.3% in Ontario. Half of the patients reported symptoms. The most collected sample for M. genitalium diagnosis was urine, followed by cervical and urethral swabs. Co-infection with Chlamydia trachomatis was reported in 3.3% to 16.4% of cases and with Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 0.0% to 24.0%. Macrolide resistance ranged between 25% and 82.1%, and fluoroquinolone resistance between 0.0% and 29.1%. Conclusions: M. genitalium prevalence and resistance rates varied by sex, gender, province, and specimen type. In the absence of routine surveillance, incomplete data hinders understanding the bacterium\u2019s natural history, its impact on some key groups, and the tracking of antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10050139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T06:31:29Z","timestamp":1747636289000},"page":"139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mycoplasma genitalium Infections and Associated Antimicrobial Resistance in Canada, 1980\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Copete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7482-2010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilo","family":"Suarez-Ariza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zipporah","family":"Gitau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Arango-Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rotem","family":"Keynan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Oda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2627-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ameeta E.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Skinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada"},{"name":"Wellness Wheel Clinic, Regina, SK S4T 2M7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara","family":"Spence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada"},{"name":"Wellness Wheel Clinic, Regina, SK S4T 2M7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0068-5921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Will","family":"Ria\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Bacterias & C\u00e1ncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4794-9120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren J.","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"Manitoba HIV Program, Winnipeg, MB R3G 0X2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Kasper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"Manitoba HIV Program, Winnipeg, MB R3G 0X2, Canada"},{"name":"Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie","family":"Ireland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manitoba HIV Program, Winnipeg, MB R3G 0X2, Canada"},{"name":"Nine Circles Community Health Centre, Winnipeg, MB R3G 0X2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Streptococcus and STI Unit, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Bullard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Shared Health, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3J7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1534-520X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucelly","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB), Medellin 101001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4715-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB), Medellin 101001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Haworth-Brockman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCCID), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4948-4707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoav","family":"Keynan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCCID), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6342-1812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zulma Vanessa","family":"Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB), Medellin 101001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053384","article-title":"Prevalence of Mycoplasma Genitalium in Different Population Groups: Systematic Review Andmeta-Analysis","volume":"94","author":"Baumann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-023-01684-y","article-title":"Genital Mycoplasma Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318177ec39","article-title":"Prevalence of Rectal Trichomonas Vaginalis and Mycoplasma Genitalium in Male Patients at the San Francisco STD Clinic, 2005\u20132006","volume":"35","author":"Francis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2025, March 13). Mycoplasma Genitalium in Men Who Have Sex with Men at Male-Only Saunas | Sexually Transmitted Infections. Available online: https:\/\/sti-bmj-com.uml.idm.oclc.org\/content\/85\/6\/432.long.","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.035535"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462419825948","article-title":"British Association for Sexual Health and HIV National Guideline for the Management of Infection with Mycoplasma Genitalium (2018)","volume":"30","author":"Soni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1","article-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021","volume":"70","author":"Workowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17972","article-title":"2021 European Guideline on the Management of Mycoplasma Genitalium Infections","volume":"36","author":"Jensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956462417746897","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462417746897","article-title":"2016 United Kingdom National Guideline on the Sexual Health Care of Men Who Have Sex with Men","volume":"1","author":"Clutterbuck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2024). Mycoplasma Genitalium|STI Guidelines Australia, STI Guidelines."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01053-16","article-title":"Mycoplasma Genitalium Prevalence, Coinfection, and Macrolide Antibiotic Resistance Frequency in a Multicenter Clinical Study Cohort in the United States","volume":"54","author":"Getman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2504.181258","article-title":"Symptoms, Sites, and Significance of Mycoplasma Genitalium in Men Who Have Sex with Men","volume":"25","author":"Read","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2024.12.020","article-title":"Trends of Mycoplasma Genitalium Infections in Berlin, Germany, 2017\u20132023","volume":"41","author":"Dumke","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac217","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac217","article-title":"High Rates of Asymptomatic Mycoplasma Genitalium Infections With High Proportion of Genotypic Resistance to First-Line Macrolide Treatment Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Enrolled in the Zurich Primary HIV Infection Study","volume":"9","author":"Ring","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy025","article-title":"A Silent Epidemic: The Prevalence, Incidence and Persistence of Mycoplasma Genitalium Among Young, Asymptomatic High-Risk Women in the United States","volume":"67","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv194","article-title":"Epidemiology of Mycoplasma Genitalium in British Men and Women Aged 16\u201344 Years: Evidence from the Third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3)","volume":"44","author":"Sonnenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30154-7","article-title":"Prevalence of Mutations Associated with Resistance to Macrolides and Fluoroquinolones in Mycoplasma Genitalium: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Machalek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01023-3","article-title":"Antimicrobial Treatment and Resistance in Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Infections","volume":"22","author":"Jensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chua, T.-P., Vodstrcil, L.A., Murray, G.L., Plummer, E.L., Jensen, J.S., Unemo, M., Chow, E.P.F., Low, N., Whiley, D.M., and Sweeney, E.L. (2025). Evolving Patterns of Macrolide and Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Mycoplasma Genitalium: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Lancet Microbe, 101047.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101047"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.25259\/IJDVL_933_2023","article-title":"Macrolide and Fluoroquinolone Resistance Associated Mutations in Mycoplasma Genitalium in Men Who Have Sex with Men Attending STI Clinic: A Pilot Study from India","volume":"90","author":"Biswal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.37201\/req\/015.2024","article-title":"Azithromycin and Moxifloxacin Resistance Determinants in Mycoplasma Genitalium in Lleida, Spain","volume":"37","author":"Arnuelos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Quimioter."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2024.05.004","article-title":"Mycoplasma Genitalium Infection and Resistance-Associated Mutations to Macrolides and Fluoroquinolones among High-Risk Patients in Taiwan","volume":"57","author":"Tsai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sextrans-2024-056374","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2024-056374","article-title":"Mycoplasma Genitalium and Antimicrobial Resistance among the General Female and Male Population in Northern Spain","volume":"12","author":"Lara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2024, November 08). Canada, P.H.A. of Mycoplasma Genitalium: Screening and Diagnostic Testing. Available online: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/infectious-diseases\/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections\/canadian-guidelines\/mycoplasma-genitalium\/screening-diagnostic-testing.html."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13417","article-title":"The British HIV Association National Clinical Audit 2021: Management of HIV and Hepatitis C Coinfection","volume":"24","author":"Raya","year":"2023","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00790-21","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00790-21","article-title":"Latest Advances in Laboratory Detection of Mycoplasma Genitalium","volume":"61","author":"Waites","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2025, April 16). Study Quality Assessment Tools|NHLBI, NIH, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2025, May 11). Sommaire des R\u00e9sultats D\u2019antibior\u00e9sistance de Mycoplasma genitalium au Qu\u00e9bec en 2018\u20132022|INSPQ. Available online: https:\/\/www.inspq.qc.ca\/publications\/3395."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000618","article-title":"Urinary Meatal Swabbing Detects More Men Infected with Mycoplasma Genitalium and Four Other Sexually Transmitted Infections Than First Catch Urine","volume":"44","author":"Chernesky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016300","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016300","article-title":"Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Mycoplasma Genitalium among STI Clinic Attendees in Western Canada: A Cross-Sectional Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Gratrix","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000617","article-title":"Mycoplasma Genitalium Antibiotic Resistance\u2013Mediating Mutations in Canadian Women With or Without Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection","volume":"44","author":"Chernesky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001004","article-title":"Mycoplasma Genitalium, Chlamydia Trachomatis, and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Detected With Aptima Assays Performed on Self-Obtained Vaginal Swabs and Urine Collected at Home and in a Clinic","volume":"46","author":"Chernesky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001402","article-title":"High Prevalence of Macrolide and Fluoroquinolone Resistance-Mediating Mutations in Mycoplasma Genitalium-Positive Urine Specimens From Saskatchewan","volume":"48","author":"Parmar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"e96","article-title":"Mycoplasma Genitalium in Toronto, Ont","volume":"62","author":"Gesink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"477","article-title":"Mycoplasma Genitalium Infection among Gay, Bisexual and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in Montr\u00e9al, Canada","volume":"49","author":"Fourmigue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. Commun. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001226","article-title":"Comparison of Assays for the Diagnosis of Mycoplasma Genitalium and Macrolide Resistance Mutations in Self-Collected Vaginal Swabs and Urine","volume":"47","author":"Chernesky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llangar\u00ed-Arizo, L.M., Sadiq, S.T., M\u00e1rquez, C., Cooper, P., Furegato, M., Zhou, L., Aranha, L., Mateo, M.M., and Romero-Sandoval, N. (2021). Sexually Transmitted Infections and Factors Associated with Risky Sexual Practices among Female Sex Workers: A Cross Sectional Study in a Large Andean City. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250117"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tovo, S.F., Zohoncon, T.M., Dabir\u00e9, A.M., Ilboudo, R., Tiemtor\u00e9, R.Y., Obiri-Yeboah, D., Yonli, A.T., Dovo, E.E., Ou\u00e9draogo, R.A., and Ouattara, A.K. (2021). Molecular Epidemiology of Human Papillomaviruses, Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia Trachomatis and Mycoplasma Genitalium among Female Sex Workers in Burkina Faso: Prevalence, Coinfections and Drug Resistance Genes. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020090"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003163","article-title":"Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections among Women with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"36","author":"Jarolimova","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munson, E., Moore, J., Krueger, T., Zapp, A., Lavey, S.C., Munson, K.L., Stafford, I.A., and Mustanski, B. (2024). Mycoplasmoides Genitalium Nucleic Acid Semi-Quantitation and Molecular Macrolide Resistance Detection via Automated Assays: Gender and Specimen Source Considerations. J. Clin. Microbiol., 62.","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00485-24"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054463","article-title":"Molecular Screening in a Longitudinal Cohort of Young Men Who Have Sex with Men and Young Transgender Women: Associations with Focus on the Emerging Sexually Transmitted Pathogen Mycoplasma Genitalium","volume":"97","author":"Munson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2023-056044","article-title":"Prevalence of Mycoplasma Genitalium and Macrolide Resistance in Rectal and Urine Samples among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Sweden","volume":"100","author":"Bjartling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624231221591","article-title":"Orogenital and Anal Infection by Chlamydia Trachomatis, Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma Genitalium, and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections in Men Who Have Sex with Men in Lisbon","volume":"35","author":"Minetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001927","article-title":"Extragenital Sexually Transmitted Infections Among High-Risk Men Who Have Sex With Men in Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"51","author":"Dias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, H.B., Nguyen, H.D.K., Pham, M.Q., Nguyen, C.T., and Adamson, P.C. (2025). Clinical Characteristics and Symptoms Associated with Mycoplasma Genitalium Infections among Heterosexual Men in Hanoi, Vietnam. Sex. Transm. Infect., sextrans-2024-056396.","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2024-056396"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2014.2413","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydia Trachomatis, Neisseria Gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma Genitalium in Asymptomatic Patients under 30 Years of Age Screened in a French Sexually Transmitted Infections Clinic","volume":"24","author":"Clarivet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2009.036046","article-title":"Mycoplasma Genitalium in Asymptomatic Patients: Implications for Screening","volume":"85","author":"Ross","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofae419","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae419","article-title":"Mycoplasma Genitalium Incidence, Coinfection, and Antibiotic Resistance: A Prospective Study at a Walk-In Clinic in Los Angeles County, CA","volume":"11","author":"Patani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1031730","article-title":"A Prospective Cohort Study of Pregnancy Risk Factors and Birth Outcomes in Aboriginal Women","volume":"171","author":"Wenman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Remis, R.S., Liu, J., Loutfy, M., Tharao, W., Rebbapragada, A., Perusini, S.J., Chieza, L., Saunders, M., Green-Walker, L., and Kaul, R. (2013). The Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Co-Infections in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative African-Caribbean Women in Toronto. BMC Infect. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-550"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"100805","article-title":"Sex Differences in Houselessness, Injection Drug Use, and Mental Health Conditions among People Newly Diagnosed with HIV in Manitoba, Canada from 2018 to 2021: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"36","author":"Sharp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Am."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.12.005","article-title":"Mycoplasma Genitalium among Adolescent Women and Their Partners","volume":"40","author":"Tosh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad405","article-title":"Mycoplasma Genitalium in the US (MyGeniUS): Surveillance Data From Sexual Health Clinics in 4 US Regions","volume":"77","author":"Manhart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.05.007","article-title":"Mycoplasma Genitalium in Pregnancy, Including Specific Co-Infections, Is Associated with Lower Birthweight: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"5","author":"Scoullar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055352","article-title":"Adverse Pregnancy and Perinatal Outcomes Associated with Mycoplasma Genitalium: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"98","author":"Frenzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054310","article-title":"Prevalence of Mycoplasma Genitalium by Anatomical Site in Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"96","author":"Latimer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001009","article-title":"Men Who Have Sex With Men With Mycoplasma Genitalium\u2013Positive Nongonococcal Urethritis Are More Likely to Have Macrolide-Resistant Strains Than Men With Only Female Partners: A Prospective Study","volume":"46","author":"McIver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.09.006","article-title":"Clinical and Analytical Evaluation of the New Aptima Mycoplasma Genitalium Assay, with Data on M. Genitalium Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance in M. Genitalium in Denmark, Norway and Sweden in 2016","volume":"24","author":"Unemo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hackett, A., Yossepowitch, O., Goor, Y., Sheffer, R., Schwartz, O., Sheftel, Y., Weiss, Y., and Maor, Y. (2024). Prevalence and Risk Factors for Antimicrobial Resistance of Mycoplasma Genitalium Infections in a High-Risk Population. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164924"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05081-0","article-title":"Diversity of Mycoplasma Genitalium Strains in Australia: Relationship with Sexual Networks and Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"44","author":"Chua","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz294","article-title":"Mycoplasma Genitalium in Symptomatic Male Urethritis: Macrolide Use Is Associated With Increased Resistance","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy477","article-title":"Outcomes of Resistance-Guided Sequential Treatment of Mycoplasma Genitalium Infections: A Prospective Evaluation","volume":"68","author":"Read","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2402.170902","article-title":"Use of Pristinamycin for Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma Genitalium Infection","volume":"24","author":"Read","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa291","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa291","article-title":"Nonquinolone Options for the Treatment of Mycoplasma Genitalium in the Era of Increased Resistance","volume":"7","author":"Doyle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/10\/5\/139\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:35:04Z","timestamp":1760031304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/10\/5\/139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed10050139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed10050139","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]}}}