{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T02:35:27Z","timestamp":1793500527440,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anticytokine autoantibodies (AAbs), particularly anti-interferon-gamma (anti-IFN-\u03b3) AAbs, disrupt cytokine functions, leading to infections, autoimmune-like diseases, and conditions resembling interleukin-12 (IL-12)\/IFN-\u03b3 pathway defects. Advances in genetic testing have clarified overlaps between autoinflammatory, autoimmune disorders, and primary immunodeficiencies but reveal complex phenotypes and pathways. While these insights deepen our understanding of immune mechanisms, they also complicate diagnosis and treatment, with limited options for IFN-\u03b3 deficiencies caused by genetic mutations. The adult-onset immunodeficiency with disseminated lymphadenitis due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and other opportunistic infections has been linked to high levels of anti-IFN-\u03b3 AAbs. This syndrome, initially identified in HIV-negative Asian patients, frequently affects individuals of Asian descent and may be associated with specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. The presence of neutralizing anti-IFN-\u03b3 AAbs impairs the IFN-\u03b3-dependent immune response, likely contributing to the persistent NTM infection. This study underscores the potential for late-onset anti-IFN-\u03b3 AAb syndrome to manifest with disseminated NTM (dNTM) infections, highlights the importance of timely diagnosis and considers rituximab as a potential therapeutic option.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10070202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T13:59:11Z","timestamp":1753106351000},"page":"202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Anti-IFN-\u03b3 Autoantibody Syndrome Presenting with Disseminated Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infections: A Case Series of Therapeutic Implications and Review of Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Brooke","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3138-3221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barinder","family":"Bajwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, 835 West 10th Ave., Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1067-7551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seungwon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Queen\u2019s University, 94 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5049-1846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyson","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Surrey Memorial Hospital, 13750 96 Ave., Surrey, BC V3V 1Z2, Canada"},{"name":"Pharmacy, Surrey Memorial Hospital, 13750 96 Ave., Surrey, BC V3V 1Z2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Werry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Surrey Memorial Hospital, 13750 96 Ave., Surrey, BC V3V 1Z2, Canada"},{"name":"Pharmacy, Surrey Memorial Hospital, 13750 96 Ave., Surrey, BC V3V 1Z2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Perlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, 5913-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazdan","family":"Mirzanejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Surrey Memorial Hospital, 13750 96 Ave., Surrey, BC V3V 1Z2, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, 2733 Heather Street, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3J5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arts, R.J.W., Janssen, N.A.F., and van de Veerdonk, F.L. 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