{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:32:15Z","timestamp":1760059935996,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)","award":["CB21\/13\/00056","2021\/004","101062347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/00056","2021\/004","101062347"]}]},{"name":"Programa de Ayudas para Grupos de Investigaci\u00f3n de Excelencia, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain","award":["CB21\/13\/00056","2021\/004","101062347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/00056","2021\/004","101062347"]}]},{"name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions program (Horizon Europe)","award":["CB21\/13\/00056","2021\/004","101062347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/00056","2021\/004","101062347"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urogenital schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma haematobium and transmitted by Bulinus snails, affects approximately 190 million individuals globally and remains a major public health concern. Effective surveillance of snail vectors is critical for disease control, but traditional identification methods are time-intensive and require specialized expertise. Environmental DNA (eDNA) detection using qPCR has emerged as a promising alternative for large-scale vector surveillance. To prevent eDNA degradation, benzalkonium chloride (BAC) has been proposed as a preservative, though its efficacy with schistosomiasis snail vectors has not been evaluated. This study tested the impact of BAC (0.01%) on the stability of Bulinus truncatus eDNA under simulated field conditions. Water samples from aquaria with varying snail densities (0.5\u201330 snails\/L) were stored up to 42 days with BAC. eDNA detection via qPCR and multivariable linear mixed regression analysis revealed that BAC enhanced eDNA stability. eDNA was detectable up to 42 days in samples with \u22651 snail\/L and up to 35 days at 0.5 snails\/L. Additionally, a positive correlation between snail density and eDNA concentration was observed. These findings support the development of robust eDNA sampling protocols for field surveillance, enabling effective monitoring in remote areas and potentially distinguishing between low- and high-risk schistosomiasis transmission zones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10080201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T09:47:06Z","timestamp":1753177626000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Benzalkonium Chloride Significantly Improves Environmental DNA Detection from Schistosomiasis Snail Vectors in Freshwater Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Raquel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Marqu\u00e9s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C\/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabell\u00f3n 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6699-7382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo Fernando","family":"Cuervo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C\/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabell\u00f3n 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6147-0300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"De El\u00edas-Escribano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C\/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabell\u00f3n 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6816-1140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Ort\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C\/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabell\u00f3n 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Zoolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Valencia y MVHN-i\\Biotaxa, C\/Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2815-1324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricio","family":"Artigas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C\/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabell\u00f3n 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Cecilia","family":"Fantozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C\/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabell\u00f3n 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1685-7004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Mas-Coma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C\/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabell\u00f3n 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2347-7269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Dolores","family":"Bargues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C\/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5. Pabell\u00f3n 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived with Disability for 328 Diseases and Injuries for 195 Countries, 1990\u20132016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"Vos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"355","article-title":"Morpho-Anatomical Characterization of the Urogenital Schistosmiasis Vector Bulinus truncatus (Audouin, 1827) (Heterobranchia: Bulinidae) from Southwestern Europe","volume":"44","author":"Adam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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