{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T08:47:16Z","timestamp":1792745236160,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: While efforts have been made to control meningococcal disease or carriage during mass gatherings (MGs), it is still a significant problem. This meta-analysis aims to assess the prevalence and predictors of meningitis carriage during MGs and travel. Methodology: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane were searched from their conception to January 2025. Cohort and cross-sectional studies assessing the prevalence of meningitis carriage and its serotype related to MGs and\/or travel, and risk factors associated with its spread, were considered. The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa scale was used for the quality assessment of studies. Results: Out of 1301 studies, 25 were considered for this meta-analysis. The largest geographic area involved was Saudi Arabia. A meta-analysis of 24 studies identified a pooled prevalence rate of meningococcal disease or carriage of 15.9% (95%CI: 4.45\u201327.4%) and the most frequent infecting organisms to be Serotype C (13.9%; 95%CI: \u221214.7 to 42.5; 4 studies) and A (11.5%; 95%CI: \u22122.13 to 25.2; 9 studies) among those at MGs or traveling. Age, gender, smoking history, and the vaccination status did not affect the infection risk. Conclusions: There is an increased prevalence of meningococcal disease and carriage, especially Serogroups A and C, associated with MGs and travel. New interventions and methodologies should be undertaken to control and prevent meningococcal disease or carriage transmission during such events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10080207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T14:40:02Z","timestamp":1753454402000},"page":"207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence and Risk of Meningococcal Disease or Carriage During Mass Gatherings and Associated Travel: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7937-5387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Samannodi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Alwafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihad","family":"Muglan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Tawakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8179-8741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rami M.","family":"Algahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani M.","family":"Almoallim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail Ahmad","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Pilgrims Health Care, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majed Sameer","family":"Obaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Pilgrims Health Care, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amar Mohammad A.","family":"Alkhotani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Pilgrims Health Care, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2039-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aous Sami Hayat","family":"Alhazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9222-9149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba M.","family":"Adly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Pilgrims Health Care, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5075-7392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anas A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad A.","family":"Alamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Garout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268823000328","article-title":"Epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease worldwide from 2010\u20132019: A literature review","volume":"151","author":"Htar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiol. 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