{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:44:01Z","timestamp":1773798241013,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership","award":["CSA2020NoE 3100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSA2020NoE 3100"]}]},{"name":"European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership","award":["TTU 03.707-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTU 03.707-03"]}]},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research","award":["CSA2020NoE 3100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSA2020NoE 3100"]}]},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research","award":["TTU 03.707-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTU 03.707-03"]}]},{"name":"OCEAC (Organisation de la Coordination pour la lutte contre les End\u00e9mies en Afrique Centrale)","award":["CSA2020NoE 3100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSA2020NoE 3100"]}]},{"name":"OCEAC (Organisation de la Coordination pour la lutte contre les End\u00e9mies en Afrique Centrale)","award":["TTU 03.707-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTU 03.707-03"]}]},{"name":"KFW","award":["CSA2020NoE 3100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSA2020NoE 3100"]}]},{"name":"KFW","award":["TTU 03.707-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTU 03.707-03"]}]},{"name":"BMZ","award":["CSA2020NoE 3100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSA2020NoE 3100"]}]},{"name":"BMZ","award":["TTU 03.707-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTU 03.707-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Polyparasitic infections remain widespread in endemic regions, yet its contributing factors and health impact are not well understood. This study aims to estimate the prevalence and associated factors and examines the effect of polyparasitic infection on haemoglobin levels among children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon, among children aged 2\u201317 years from November 2019 to December 2020. Haemoglobin levels, environmental conditions, and sociodemographic data were collected. Stool, urine, and blood samples were analysed using light microscopy for parasite detection. Factors associated with polyparasitism were explored. Results: Out of 656 participants, 65.4% had at least one infection, with intestinal protozoa species (21.3%), Trichuris trichiura (33%), Ascaris lumbricoides (22%), Schistosoma haematobium (20%), and Plasmodium falciparum (10%) being the most common. Polyparasitic infection was identified in 26% of children, mostly as bi-infections (69.2%), and was negatively associated with haemoglobin levels (\u03b2 = \u22120.06). Conclusions: These findings emphasise the burden of polyparasitic infections and adverse health effects in Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10080218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T08:51:41Z","timestamp":1754038301000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Polyparasitic Infections: Associated Factors and Effect on the Haemoglobin Level of Children Living in Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 Remote and Surrounding Rural Areas from Gabon\u2014A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Paul Alvyn","family":"Nguema-Moure","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 BP 242, Gabon"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum T\u00fcbingen, Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4208-6212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bayode Romeo","family":"Adegbite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 BP 242, Gabon"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum T\u00fcbingen, Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8213-8465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moustapha","family":"Nzamba Maloum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 BP 242, Gabon"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum T\u00fcbingen, Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3816-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Dejon-Agob\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 BP 242, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rom\u00e9o-Aim\u00e9","family":"Laclong Lontchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 BP 242, Gabon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yabo Josiane","family":"Honkpehedji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 BP 242, Gabon"},{"name":"Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The 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Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Gottfried Kremsner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 BP 242, Gabon"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum T\u00fcbingen, Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"The German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), T\u00fcbingen Site, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3197-5946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u00f4la Akim","family":"Adegnika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 BP 242, Gabon"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum T\u00fcbingen, Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, 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