{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T13:41:05Z","timestamp":1785764465903,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TDR","award":["TDR.HQTDR 2422924-4.1-72863"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TDR.HQTDR 2422924-4.1-72863"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) levels in Enterobacterales from pigs in Ghana prompted us to investigate farm feed, pig slurry, and farm water for Enterobacterales isolates, their antimicrobial resistance patterns, and antimicrobial residues. Between August and November 2024, we collected one sample each of feed, slurry, and water from 14 pig farms for microbiological analysis. Out of 42 samples, Enterobacterales (E. coli and Enterobacter spp.) were isolated from 30 (71.4%) samples, with the highest prevalence found in feed (85.7%), followed by slurry (78.6%) and water (50.0%). The prevalence of AMR to tetracyclines, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ampicillin was high, with over 50% of isolates from slurry and water and 40% from feed exhibiting tetracycline resistance. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was identified in nine (27.3%) isolates of Enterobacterales, with the highest prevalence found in feed (38.5%), then slurry (23.1%), and water (14.3%). Among 42 farm samples screened for colistin-resistant Enterobacterales, 10 (23.8%) exhibited phenotypic colistin resistance. No antimicrobial residues were detected. Risk factors associated with MDR included large farms with high pig turnover (p &lt; 0.05) and the channelling of slurry into both covered and uncovered pits on the farm (p &lt; 0.05). These high resistance levels underscore the urgent need for improved hygiene in feed, water, and slurry management, stricter antibiotic stewardship with veterinary oversight, and better enforcement of existing antibiotic use regulations on pig farms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10090239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T15:49:34Z","timestamp":1756309774000},"page":"239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enterobacterales and Antimicrobial Resistance in Feed, Water, and Slurry in Pig Production Farms in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, 2024"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7460-7024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvis Fiam","family":"Amegayibor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB UCC Post Office, Cape Coast CC-123-1749, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9568-9434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Ohene Larbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB UCC Post Office, Cape Coast CC-123-1749, Ghana"},{"name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Animal Research Institute, Achimota-Accra P.O. Box AH 20, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4435-3206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matilda","family":"Ayim-Akonor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Animal Research Institute, Achimota-Accra P.O. Box AH 20, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1596-8543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richael Odarkor","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB UCC Post Office, Cape Coast CC-123-1749, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0226-5056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Owusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra P.O. Box KB 77, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9993-8110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin Kissi","family":"Sasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMR Reference Laboratory for Animal Health, National Food Safety Laboratory, Veterinary Services Directorate, Accra P.O. Box M 161, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3849-7705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert Fraser","family":"Terry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6113-9741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony D.","family":"Harries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 75001 Paris, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence S.","family":"Kuukyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metro Public Health Department, Accra Metropolitan Assembly, Accra GP 385, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kappes, A., Tozooneyi, T., Shakil, G., Railey, A.F., McIntyre, K.M., Mayberry, D.E., Rushton, J., Pendell, D.L., and Marsh, T.L. 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