{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T16:16:42Z","timestamp":1782836202624,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TropicalMed"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Human nasal myiasis is a rare zoonotic infection caused by Oestrus ovis with a non-specific clinical presentation that can mimic more common conditions such as allergic rhinitis. Objective: To report a series of nasal myiasis cases in immunocompetent individuals, emphasizing the clinical presentation and complementary investigations (endoscopic findings, parasitological identification, skin prick tests, and imaging studies) that facilitate differential diagnosis from allergic rhinitis and enable early treatment. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study including cases of nasal myasis diagnosed and managed at the ENT department of the Military Hospital of Tunis over an 18-year period (2007\u20132025). Demographic, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic data were analyzed. Results: The mean age was 43 years, with a female predominance. Most patients presented with acute rhinological symptoms initially suggestive of allergic rhinitis. Nasal endoscopy revealed larvae in 79% of cases with parasitological confirmation of Oestrus ovis. Facial CT scans performed in five cases (36%) were unremarkable. Management consisted of multiple daily nasal saline irrigations and albendazole, in association with oral corticosteroids and antihistamines, resulting in symptom resolution within an average of 4 days. Conclusions: Nasal myiasis should be considered in atypical or treatment-resistant rhinitis. Nasal endoscopy is essential for diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10090257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T12:15:17Z","timestamp":1757420117000},"page":"257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nasal Myiasis Mimicking Allergic Rhinitis in Immunocompetent Adults: Case Series of 14 Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6889-4181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameh","family":"Mezri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis 1008, Tunisia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8103-9638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Anas","family":"Ammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis 1008, Tunisia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Latifa","family":"Mtibaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis 1008, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sleheddine","family":"Mnasria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis 1008, Tunisia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6831-962X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiraz","family":"Halwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis 1008, Tunisia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khemaies","family":"Akkari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis 1008, Tunisia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2001084289","article-title":"Myiase nasale humaine \u00e0 \u0152strus ovis [Human nasal myiasis due to Oestrus ovis]","volume":"8","author":"Delhaes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-024-05290-7","article-title":"Unusual Presentation of Nasal Myiasis in Immunocompetent Young Individual: Case Report","volume":"77","author":"Ravichandran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1017\/S002221511100096X","article-title":"Nasal myiasis by Oestrus ovis second stage larva in an immunocompetent man: Case report and literature review","volume":"125","author":"Einer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Zumpt, F. (1965). Myiasis in Man and Animals in the Old World: A Textbook for Physicians, Veterinarians and Zoologists, Butterworths."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"18","article-title":"Application of Zumpt\u2019s criteria for larval identification of Oestrus ovis and Cephenemyia stimulator in cervid hosts","volume":"70","author":"Panadero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"461","article-title":"Ophthalmomyiasis and nasal myiasis by Oestrus ovis in a patient from the Canary Islands with uncommon epidemiological characteristics","volume":"35","author":"Tinguaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Enfermedades Infecc. Microbiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100072078","article-title":"Rhino-orbital-myiasis","volume":"84","author":"Gupta","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1177\/004947550003000416","article-title":"Endoscopy in nasal myiasis","volume":"30","author":"Soni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trop. Doct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-020-01850-9","article-title":"First Report on Concomitant Infection of Nasal Myiasis and Trichosporonosis in an Uncontrolled Diabetic Patient: Case Report","volume":"74","author":"Tyagi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4677","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-024-04767-9","article-title":"Oral and Nasal Myiasis in Two Patients Hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit: Diagnosis and Clinical Significance of Cases","volume":"76","author":"Aykur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00010-11","article-title":"Myiasis","volume":"25","author":"Francesconi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-018-1444-y","article-title":"Ivermectin: A Novel Method of Treatment of Nasal and Nasopharyngeal Myiasis","volume":"71","author":"Sayeed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e42555","article-title":"Oral myiasis in an immunocompromised adult undergoing chemotherapy: A rare case and comprehensive treatment protocol","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-025-01984-3","article-title":"Oral and Paranasal Myiasis: Two Case Reports","volume":"7","author":"Koray","year":"2025","journal-title":"SN Compr. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xocr.2023.100535","article-title":"Combination ivermectin therapy to treat nasal myiasis: A case series","volume":"27","author":"Camron","year":"2023","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Case Rep."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/10\/9\/257\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:42:34Z","timestamp":1760035354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2414-6366\/10\/9\/257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["tropicalmed10090257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed10090257","relation":{},"ISSN":["2414-6366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2414-6366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]}}}